Geography Paper 1 Flashcards
When was Nepal earthquake?
25th April 2015
What was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake?
7.9 on the richter scale
How many people died in the Nepal earthquake?
9,000
How many people were injured in the Nepal earthquake?
20,000
Overall, how many people were affected by the Nepal earthquake?
Over 8 million (1/3 of Nepal’s population)
How many people were left homeless by the Nepal earthquake?
3 million
How many schools were destroyed in the Nepal earthquake?
7,000
What affect did Nepal earthquake have on the population?
50% of shops were destroyed, which limited food supplies in Nepal and affected people’s sources of income
How many people were in urgent need of food, water and shelter after the Nepal earthquake?
1.4 million
How did the Nepal earthquake affect utilities?
Electricity, water, sanitation and communications severely affected due to damaged and destroyed infrastructure
What was the estimated cost of the Nepal earthquake?
USD$5 billion
What were the secondary effects of the Nepal earthquake?
Landslides and avalanches triggered
Landslides blocked rivers like the kali gandaki river and flooded areas
How many people died in an avalanche on Mount Everest triggered by the Nepal earthquake?
At least 19
How did Nepal source relief supplies immediately after the earthquake?
Nepal relied heavily on international aid from areas such as china, India and the uk.
These countries supplied medical support and essential supplies
How much money was raised internationally after the Nepal earthquake?
Over £87 million in donations alone
What did Nepal use for search, rescue and support?
Helicopters were used to search for survivors and reach those trapped from landslides and avalanches. They were also used for resource distribution to cut off communities
How and why were tents so heavily relied upon after the Nepal earthquake?
Half a million tents were supplied and used from shelter for the homeless, classrooms and temporary hospitals/health care centres. Hospitals were severely overwhelmed and there were fears of more severe aftershocks causing more damage to buildings.
How was social media use immediately after the Nepal earthquake?
Social media sites such as facebook allowed people to mark themselves as safe, to let family members know they were out of danger
What issues associated with landslides did Nepal have to respond to in the long-term?
Lakes formed by landslides needed to be carefully drained and cleared so rivers could return to normal
Roads also had to be repaired after landslide damage
What happened in September 2015 that severely hindered Nepal’s recovery process?
India imposed a blockade at the border, which stopped fuel, medicines and earthquake relief material from being transported into Nepal
What are the Somerset levels?
An area of low - lying coastal plains and wetlands in the south - west uk, located in the country of Somerset
What were the three main causes of Somerset levels floods?
High rainfall levels due to many depressions from the Atlantic
High tides causing higher river levels
Lack of dredging reduced river capacity
How much rain fell in January and February, and how high above average rainfall was this?
350mm
How many homes were flooded?
Over 600
How many farms had to be evacuated?
16
Why were some people left stranded in the Somerset floods?
Some villages were completely cut off by flood water
What was the estimated cost of damage in the Somerset floods?
Over £10 million
How many livestock had to be evacuated from farms in the Somerset floods?
Over 1,000
How did floods affect the environment in Somerset?
Floodwater transported sewage, chemicals and debris to tether areas and affected the levels ecosystems
How was stagnant water dealt with after the Somerset floods?
Water had to be reoxygenated before being pumped back into rivers
How did warnings limit the effects of the floods in Somerset?
Weather and flood warnings communicated to residents that there was a danger to life and they should evacuate
How did temporary flood defences help to manage the floods in Somerset?
Temporary barriers and sandbags helped limit flood water reaching homes to a certain extent
What is the 20 year plan that aims to manage and reduce flood risk in Somerset called?
The Somerset levels and moors flood action plan
How is Somerset better prepared for higher sea levels and tides contributing to flood risk?
A tidal barrier will be built at bridge water by 2024
What body was set up after the floods to ensure the maintenance and improvement of river management?
The Somerset rivers authority
When did typhoon Haitian hit the Philippines?
7th November 2013
How strong was typhoon Haiyan?
Category 5 super typhoon
What were the sustained wind speeds of typhoon haiyan at its peak intensity?
230km/h
How many people died in typhoon haiyan?
6,300
On average, how large were the storm surges caused by typhoon haiyan?
Over 5 metres
How many fishing boats were destroyed in typhoon haiyan?
30,000
How many people were displaced due to typhoon haiyan?
Over 600,000
How many homes were damaged or destroyed in typhoon haiyan?
40,000
How much of the city of tacloban was destroyed by typhoon haiyan?
90% of the city
As well as the storm surge, what were the other primary effects of typhoon haiyan?
Heavy winds damaging infrastructure
Heavy rain causing flooding
How many people were affected by typhoon haiyan?
14 million people
How many people lost their source of income due to typhoon haiyan?
6 million
How did typhoon haiyan affect health?
There were major shortages of food, water and shelter. The outbreak of disease was feared during to poor sanitation conditions in shelters and overwhelming amounts of dead bodies
How long was power out in some places after typhoon haiyan?
Up to a month after the typhoon
What other effects did flooding have after typhoon haiyan?
Triggered landslides, which blocked roads and slowed relief efforts
What slowed the distribution of aid after typhoon haiyan?
Major disruptions to flights and ferry services, making it difficult to reach remote communities
How did typhoon haiyan affect crime?
Looting and violence broke out in tacloban
How did international aid organisations respond to typhoon haiyan?
They brought food, water, aid supplies and temporary shelters to support those affected
How did the Philippines red-cross prepare for typhoon haiyan?
They pre-positioned emergency supplies ahead of the typhoon which meant they could be distributed quickly after the typhoon hit
How many evacuation centres were set up after typhoon haiyan?
1,200
What is atmospheric circulation?
The general movements of air around the earth due to pressure and temperature
What is an atmospheric hazard?
Hazards caused by the weather and processes in the atmosphere
What is carbon capture and storage?
The process of capturing carbon dioxide that would normally be emitted into the atmosphere and storing it underground in reservoirs
What is a conservative plate margin?
A plate margin where tow plates are moving alongside each other
What is a constructive plate margin?
A plate margin where two plates are moving away from each other
What is the continental crust ?
The thicker, less dense crust that makes up the continents
What is a convection current?
The movement of a fluid caused by a difference in temperature or density
What is a destructive plate margin?
A plate margin where two plats are moving towards each other
What is a Ferrell cell?
At around 60 degrees either side of the equator, moist air rises, and travels to lower latitudes at around 30 degrees where it sinks, along with air travelling from the equator
What is a Hadley cell?
At the equator, hot moist air rises, moves to higher latitudes and sinks
What are immediate responses?
Actions taken asa soon as the hazard happens and in its immediate aftermath
What are long term responses?
Actions taken after the immediate responses when the effects of the hazard have been minimised
What is an Oceanic crust?
The thinner, denser crust that makes up the ocean floor
What is a polar cell?
At 60 degrees north or south of the equator, moist air rises, and travels to the poles, where it sinks
What are primary effects?
The effects that are directly caused by the hazard itself
What is a quaternary period?
The geological time period that started 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present
What is a quaternary period?
The geological time period that started 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present
What are secondary effects?
The effects that are a result of the primary effects of
What are abiotic components?
Non-living environmental factors
What is a biome?
A large, distinct region of the earth with similar climate, soil, plants and animals
What are Biotic components?
Living organisms
What are decomposes?
Organisms that break down organic material and release the nutrients back into he ecosystem
What is an ecosystem?
A natural system in which a community of plants and animals interact with each other and their physical environment
What is biodiversity?
A large variety of animal and plant life living in the same ecosystem
What is a litter in the nutrient cycle?
The surface layer of vegetation, which over time breaks down to become humus
What is biomass?
The total mass of living organisms per unit area
What does it mean when a rainforest is interdependent?
The plants and animals depend on each other for survival
Describe the emergent layer
Highest layer with he trees reaching 50 metres
Describe the canopy layer
80% of life is found here as it receives most of the sunlight and rainfall
Describe the under canopy
Trees reach 20 metres
Describe the shrub layer of a rainforest
Lowest layer with small trees that have adapted to living in the shade
What are the main causes of deforestation?
-logging
-agriculture
-mineral extraction
-tourism
-energy development
-road building
How is logging contributing to deforestation?
-disrupts indigenous tribes
-destroys habitats
How is agriculture contributing to deforestation?
-increases carbon emissions
-makes soil infertile
-pollution
-remove trees to build
What are the main impacts of deforestation?
-soil erosion
-climate change
-habitat destruction / extinction
What are the characteristics of cold environments?
-interdependent ecosystems
-simple food chains
-biodiversity is low
What are some adaptions of plants in cold environments?
-most plants become dormant to survive
-shallow roots due to permafrost
How have animals adapted to cold environments ?
-thick fur for insulation
-animals hibernate in cold winter
-some species migrate
What is a constructive wave ?
A swash that is stronger than the backwash. Therefore building up the coast
What is a destructive wave?
Has a stronger backwash than the swash. Therefore eroding the coast
How do waves form?
Created by wind blowing over the surface of the sea. As the wind blows over the sea, friction is created - producing a swell in the water
What is attrition?
Is it erosion or transport?
-erosion
-rocks that bash together and become smaller/smooth
What is solution?
Is it transport or erosion?
-erosion
-a chemical reaction that dissolves rocks
What is abrasion?
Is it transport or erosion?
-erosion
-rocks hurdled at the base of a cliff to break pieces apart
What is hydraulic action? (Erosion)
Water enters cracks in the cliff, air compresses, causing the crack to expand
What is solution?
Is it erosion or transport?
-transport
-minerals dissolve in water and are carried along
What is suspension?
Is it erosion or transport?
-transport
-sediment is carried along in the flow of water
What is saltation?
Is it erosion or transport?
-transport
-pebbles that bounce along the sea/river bed
What is traction?
Is it erosion or transport?
-transport
-boulders that roll along a river/sea bed by the force of the flowing water
What is carbonation weathering?
Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition
What is mechanical weathering?
Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition
What are groynes?
Hard or soft engineering?
-hard
-wood barriers preventing longshore drift so beach can build up
What are gabions?
Hard or soft?
-hard
-cages of rocks/boulders absorb the energy protecting the cliff behind
What is managed retreat?
Hard or soft?
-soft
-large value areas of the coast are left to flood and erode
Where is swanage coast located?
South west of England
Describe the landforms of erosion and deposition at swanage bay?
-made up of bands of different rocks, creating headlands and bays
What forms of coastal management are used at swanage bay?
-sea walls
-groynes
-beach nourishment
