History (Industrial Medicine) Flashcards
Main people of medicine? (5)
1) Florence Nightingale
2) Robert Koch
3) Louis Pasteur
4) Edward Jenner
5) John Snow
What did Edward Jenner do?
-created a vaccine against smallpox
-he saw that milkmaids who would get cowpox from cows, would not get smallpox
What did John Snow do?
-found what caused cholera in Soho, London
-broken water pump, infected with human waste caused cholera
What did Louis Pasteur do?
-proved that ‘germs’ and ‘invisible’ bacteria caused illness not miasma
-known for his ‘Germ Theory’ and ‘Pasteurisation’ which preserved liquids
What did Robert Koch do?
-influenced by Pasteur’s Germ Theory
-identified that different types of germs caused different types of illnesses
Able to develop vaccines for anthrax, typhoid, cholera and meningitis
What did Florence Nightingale do?
-founder of modern medicine
-introduced hygienic practices and methods of treatments that reduced the death rate from 42% to 2%
-introduced handwashing, flushing out sewers, clean ventilation systems
-ran a hospital for wounded soldiers during the Crimean War (Scutari Hospital in modern-day Istanbul)
-wrote a book called ‘Notes on Nursing’
-also introduced novel graphical representations of data like pie charts
What is the difference between inoculation and vaccination?
Inoculation is the process of introducing a pathogen
Vaccination is a specific type of inoculation aimed at preventing disease
What is cholera?
Bacterial disease caused by contaminated water
When was the fight against cholera in London?
1854
What was the Great Stink?
- period of pungent odour spreading in London 1858.
-Hot and dry summer lowered the levels of the River Thames, exposing the unbearable stench of the sewages
Difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Pandemic is international
Epidemic is national
Natural drugs for pain relief? What are they called in general?
Alcohol, opium, ether, mandrake
What did Humphrey Davy use as an anaesthetic? When?
Nitrous Oxide in 1795.
Who discovered chloroform? When?
James Simpson in 1847.
Difference between local anaesthetic and general anaesthetic?
Local anaesthetic numbs a specific part of the body
General anaesthetic numbs the entire body, normally causing you to be knocked out for whole-body procedures.
What were Voluntary Hospitals?
-Hospitals run by voluntary doctors
-Funded by the rich who gave donations
What were Cottage Hospitals?
-Small, converted cottages turned hospitals
-provided more immediate care for workers
-visitors and parents encouraged to help nurses look after patients
How were the rich cared for?
-private doctor to treat them at home
-wealthy homes were seen as cleaner than hospital wards
2 types of Hospital Care for the poor?
- Workhouses
- New ‘Infirmaries’
What did workhouses do for the poor?
What are infirmaries?
What did infirmaries do for the poor?
