History (Elizabeth) Flashcards
What were challenges faced by Elizabeth when she became queen?
Legitimacy
Gender
Economy
Marriage
Mary I
No children
Religion
What countries were threats to England?
France
Spain
Italy / Rome
Scotland
Netherlands
How much money England in debt in, when Elizabeth became queen?
£300,000
What countries were part of the Auld Alliance?
Scotland and France
Who was Elizabeth’s cousin?
Mary Queen of Scots
What is the name of the wall that divides Scotland and England?
Hadrian’s Wall
Who was the king of Spain at that time?
King Philip II
What were extreme Protestants called?
Puritans
Did Elizabeth install an official religion for England?
No! She created a middle way so its fair to catholics and protestants
What was the main religion of Scotland?
Catholic
What is the act of supremacy?
It was an act that made the monarch ‘supreme’ leader of the Church of England
What was the Oath of Allegiance?
All clergy had to swear an oath of allegiance to her supremacy and promise to obey her religious settlement
What happened to the people who did not follow the Religious Settlement?
They would fined by the High Commission.
What was the Act of Uniformity?
Set rules for how a church should look like, and what church members should wear/look
What was the Book of Common Prayer?
The book of the Church of England
What were Vestments? and why did Elizabeth like them?
They were special, decorative clothing. Elizabeth liked them because she wanted the priest to look ‘special’.
What was the given name for the catholic nobles who did not go to church and was fined?
Recusants
What was the Royal Injuctions?
Set of rules/ instructions told to the clergy about how to follow the religious settlement
What were some of the rules created by the Royal Injuctions?
1) Clergy were ordered to teach their congregations about the religious settlement.
2) Each church was to have one copy of the Common Prayer Book in english.
3) Pilgrimages and believing in miracles was banned.
4) Elizabeth did allow a few images of Christ in the churches.
What were visitations?
Inspections of churches and members of the clergy to make sure everything was fine
What was the Crucifix Controversy? Did Elizabeth give in?
When Elizabeth wanted the crucifix to stay and remain in churches, however Puritans did not like any catholic influence in the church.
Yes she gave in, because she said that were was no way to enforce every church having a crucifix.
What was the Vestment Controversy? Did Elizabeth give in?
When Elizabeth wanted the clergy to wear special clothing called ‘vestments’, however Puritans challenged Elizabeth by saying that they should dress like ordinary people and it was only God that was above the rest.
No! She didn’t give in and ordered the clergy to wear vestments.
What was the Revolt of the Northern Earls?
Earl of Westmoreland and Earl of Northumberland gathered forces and charged the city of Durham with 4,500 men. A catholic mass was celebrated - illegal in England and Wales at the time.
However most of the rebels retreated as soon as they heard that the Earl of Sussex and several thousand troops were marching north. Prisoners were severely punished with over 800 rebels being executed in a warning to other potential rebels.
Westmoreland managed to evade but Northumberland was captured and executed.
What was the counter reformation?
An attempt to restore Catholicism to England by trying to convert protestants into catholic. This was supported by the Pope.
What was the Spanish Armada?
King Philip II’s attempt to take over England forever by sending 300 ships to invade England but failed.
Why was Mary, Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth?
Legitimacy
Catholic support
French links
What was the Papal Bull?
When the Pope disrupted peace between Elizabeth and her catholic subjects when he issued an official announcement, the Papal Bull.
The Pope officially excommunicated Elizabeth from the church and he called all catholics to remove Elizabeth in power.
Why did Mary Q of S flee Scotland?
1) The Scottish believed that Mary killed her husband (Lord Darnley/Henry Stuart)
2) Belief that Elizabeth would support and help her
Who was Elizabeth’s protestant advisor?
William Cecil
What were the three main plots to remove Elizabeth from power? and when?
1) Ridolfi Plot (1571)
2) Throckmorton Plot (1583)
3) Babington Plot (1586)
A plot by Robert Ridolfi (an Italian banker and spy) to overthrow Elizabeth with Spanish support, MQS to marry Norfolk and for catholicism to return to England officially.
William Cecil intercepted the letters and told Elizabeth.
Norfolk was executed for treason, while Ridolfi escaped execution.
Refused to execute Mary, catholics were still a threat, tougher laws monitoring catholics.
What was the Throckmorton Plot?
Who discovered it?
What happened to the plotters?
Outcome?
A plot by Francis Throckmorton, an English catholic. The aim was to free MQS from imprisonment, make her Queen of England (by Spanish invasion) and restore catholicism.
Francis Walsingham (spymaster) found the letters in Throckmorton’s house.
Throckmorton was tortured and executed for information.
1) Proved catholic hatred towards Elizabeth.
2) Threat of France, not just Spain.
3) Persecution of catholics to serve as a warning for any potential plot and plotters.
What was the Babington Plot?
Who discovered it?
What happened to the plotters?
Outcome?
A plot by Antony Babington, a catholic nobleman. The objective was to assassinate Elizabeth, free MQS, initiate a spanish invasion then restore catholicism.
Francis Walsingham found out by looking at the letters sent to MQS.
Babington was executed.
Elizabeth signing Mary’s death warrant because of her involvement of the plot. Mary was executed and killed.
What were Francis Walsingham’s methods of spy?
1) Ordinary people as spies
2) Communicated using ciphers (secret written messages)
3) Bribe people for information
4) Brutality and violence for information
5) Range of spies in many foreign countries.
6) Network of connections internationally.
Who was Sir Francis Drake?
What was he known for?
Famous english explorer, privateer and admiral during the Elizabethan Era.
1) His circumnavigation of the globe
2) Privateering against Spanish ships and colonies in America.
3) Defeating the Spanish Armada.
4) Legacy and accomplishments.
What was the name of the place that England and Spain were trying to control? that had many riches?
The New World (modern-day Americas)
What was the Treaty of Nonsuch?
Treaty that promised to help protestants in the Netherlands.
What was the Treaty of Berwick?
Treaty that made Scotland and England officially allies with each-other in 1586.
What was the name of the port that Drake raided, considered one of Spain’s most important ports?
Cadiz
What was the Treaty of Joinville?
Secret pact between Spain and the Catholic League of France.
What is social mobility?
To be able to move up or down in terms of social status.
