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Arts Section > History - Glossary > Flashcards

History - Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

funeral rite that is adjusted to the needs and wants of those directly involved; altered to suit the trends of the times

A

adaptive funeral

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2
Q

organization with responsibility to accredit funeral service and mortuary science programs

A

American Board of Funeral Service Education

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3
Q

a national trade association representing the major granite and marble memorial manufacturers and quarries throughout the US

A

American Monument Association

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4
Q

early Roman view of the afterlife which emphasizes the soul as the vital principle; the soul at death hovered around the place of burial and required constant attention of the descendants to be happy; neglect would bring evil upon them

A

animistic view

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5
Q

human shaped; some early coffins were described as ________ shaped

A

anthropoid

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6
Q

Egyptian god of embalming said to be of human form with the head of a jackal

A

Anubis

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7
Q

the sole trade permitted to embalm and perform anatomical dissections in the city of London

A

barber-surgeon

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8
Q

forerunner of today’s hearse; a hand stretcher on which the unconfined body was carried to the grave

A

bier

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9
Q

belief or practice of draining a quantity of blood to cure illness or disease

A

bloodletting

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10
Q

generic term used in America to designate all burial receptacles as new variations of the coffin were being offered

A

burial case

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11
Q

organizations intended to assist people of the working class, particularly guild members, to defray the heavy expenses of the funeral and to perpetuate the memory of dead friends; costs were shared by others via weekly collections; were the forerunners of industrial insurance

A

burial club

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12
Q

required that woolen cloth be substituted for linen in the shroud and lining of the coffin; was an attempt to shift the use of imported linen to the expanding paper industry of England and provide customers for the wool industry; heavy fines were assessed for violation; not repealed until 1814

A

Burial in Woolen Act of 1666

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13
Q

outer enclosure for caskets placed in the grave; originally intended to prevent grave robbery

A

burial vault

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14
Q

jars made of alabaster, limestone, basalt, clay and other materials used by the early Egyptians to store viscera of the deceased

A

canonic jars

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15
Q

from the French term ‘casse’ meaning ‘jewel box’ or container for something valuable; came into dominant use in patent literature for burial receptacle in 1890s in America; a rigid container which is designed for the encasement of human remains and which is usually constructed of wood, metal, fiberglass, plastic, or like material, and ornamented and lined with fabric (FTC definition); a case or receptacle in which human remains are placed for protection, practical utility, and a suitable memory picture; any box or container of one or more parts in which a dead human body is placed prior to interment, entombment, or cremation which may or may not be permanently interred, entombed, or cremated with the dead human remains

A

casket

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16
Q

represents the interests of funeral service suppliers; its members manufacture or distribute virtually every type of product used by funeral directors (formerly known as Casket Manufacturers Association)

A

Casket & Funeral Supply Association of America (CFSAA)

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17
Q

originated in ancient Rome as excavated cemeteries cut out of soft rock for the tombs of wealthy Christians; later became a place for religious rites to avoid persecution

A

catacombs

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18
Q

raised platform (with or without a canopy) used for a body to lie in state

A

catafalque

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19
Q

the oldest and largest Catholic cemetery association servicing Catholic cemeteries nationally and internationally

A

Catholic Cemetery Conference

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20
Q

a report published in 1843 on unsanitary conditions in London created by intramural burials and the high cost of funerals; recommended use of a death certificate

A

Chadwick’s report

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21
Q

ancient Egyptian belief that the soul of the deceased would make a 3000 year journey and return to the body; once reunited the whole man would live with the gods; this belief created the need for embalming

A

circle of necessity

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22
Q

from the Greek word ‘kofinos’; utilitarian container designed to hold human remains, often anthropoidal in shape

A

coffin

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23
Q

portable table on which the deceased was placed and used in conjunction with the corpse cooler; later became the embalming table when embalming was done in the home of the deceased

A

cooling board

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24
Q

type of ice chest placed over the torso of the deceased in order to slow down the process of decomposition prior to the funeral; it was typically the undertaker’s responsibility to provide ice and change the ice when it melted

A

corpse cooler

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25
Q

historical term for funeral procession

A

cortege

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26
Q

the reduction of a dead human body to inorganic bone fragments by intense heat in a specifically designed retort or chamber; a heating process which incinerates human remains

A

cremation

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27
Q

founded in 1913; an international organization of cemeteries, creationists, funeral directors, industry suppliers, and consultants; originally formed to promote cremation as a modern, safe, and hygienic way of dealing with a dead human body

A

Cremation Association of North America (CANA)

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28
Q

English custom of Middle Ages which lasted until 19th century; person who walked the street calling out the name of the deceased and asking people to pray for the soul of the departed

A

crier

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29
Q

master of ceremonies and director of the ancient Roman funeral procession

A

designator

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30
Q

disposition of human remains without any rites or ceremonies with the body present

A

direct disposition

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31
Q

traveling salesmen who went from town to town selling their products; early embalmers often obtained their products and training in this manner

A

drummers

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32
Q

a life-sized, waxen recreation of the deceased; often used at state funerals because the body of the deceased should be present for the funeral, but could not be preserved for that length of time

A

effigy

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33
Q

the version of heaven in Greek mythology

A

Elysian fields

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34
Q

burial outside the walls of the city; concept introduced during the ancient Roman times

A

extramural burial

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35
Q

patented in 1848 as form-fitting, airtight metallic coffin designed to improve ability to preserve the body; also had a glass plate to allow for viewing of the face

A

Fisk metallic coffin

36
Q

Latin for torchlight procession; word ‘funeral’ is derived from this

A

funeralis

37
Q

in Middle Ages the wake also served as a feast to welcome the principle heir to his new estate; for the ancient Greeks, this ended the fast of the bereaved

A

funeral feast

38
Q

promoted the study and use of cost accounting methods to foster the business interests of its members and to help dispel the aura of mystery that was felt to exist in the public mind regarding the business of funeral directing

A

Funeral Service Bureau of America

39
Q

a national organization which advances professionalism in funeral service and enhances public knowledge and understanding through education and research

A

Funeral Service Foundation

40
Q

a specially designed train car run on a city’s trolley line to transport casket and mourners to cemeteries on the outskirts of the city

A

funeral trolley car

41
Q

provided services of organizing and facilitating funeral details as an occupation; aka undertaker, different from furnishing undertaker

A

funeral undertaker

42
Q

provided supplies and merchandise (i.e. door badges, carriages, etc.) to funeral undertakers who were dealing directly with the public

A

furnishing undertaker

43
Q

apparatus used to inject arterial fluid during the vascular (arterial) phase of the embalming process; relies on gravity to create the pressure required to deliver the fluid (0.43 pounds of pressure per foot of elevation)

A

gravity injector

44
Q

method to apply a continuous flow of embalming solution via manual manipulation of a handheld mechanism historical instrument resembling a large hypodermic syringe attached to a bottle apparatus; used to create pressure for injection or vacuum for aspiration

A

hand pump

45
Q

today, a vehicle specially designed to transport casketed remains; derived from French word, herse; originally a stationary framework of wood to hold candles and decorations placed on the coffin; this and bier were used interchangeably until mid-19th century

A

hearse / funeral coach

46
Q

disposition via earth burial without any form of funeral rite at the time of disposition with the body present

A

immediate burial

47
Q

international trade association representing all segments of the cemetery, funeral service, cremation, and memorialization profession

A

International Cemetery, Cremation, and Funeral Association (ICCFA)

48
Q

organization of licensing agencies in North America; provides examination services, information, and regulatory support to funeral service licensing boards, educators, and governmental bodies

A

International Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards (The Conference; ICFSEB)

49
Q

an organization of independent, family-owned funeral homes established in 1928, whose mission is to build and support member interaction, information exchange and professional business development through a wide range of programs, services, and resources; membership limited to one funeral home per community

A

International Order of the Golden Rule (OGR)

50
Q

a specialty connected with funerals in colonial America; called personally upon those expected to attend funerals; often a municipal appointment

A

inviter to funerals

51
Q

an association which guides, aids, and supports members in honoring the deceased and comforting the bereaved by preserving, promoting, and practicing the customs and traditions of the Jewish funeral

A

Jewish Funeral Directors of America (JFDA)

52
Q

became an occupational specialty practiced by women in many larger US cities by the end of the 18th century; predecessor to the undertaker

A

layers out of the dead

53
Q

formed in Middle Ages by laypersons to bury the dead and to pray for the souls of the faithful departed

A

leagues of prayer

54
Q

the ancient Roman goddess of corpses and funerals

A

Libitina

55
Q

head undertaker in ancient Rome; the secular role model for today’s funeral director; conducted his business at the temple of Libitina where deaths were also registered

A

Libitinarius

56
Q

due to the fear of premature burial, many early American coffins were designed and patented with a method to alert the living if someone was buried alive

A

life signals

57
Q

ancient Viking custom; after deceased was placed in his boat with items necessary for the spirit to maintain the position held on earth, all was cremated and the pyre then covered with earth

A

mound burial

58
Q

an international trade association of persons and firms in the memorial industry

A

Monument Builders of North America

59
Q

religious/philosophical belief of the ancient Greeks and Oriental East emphasizing spiritual aspects of the afterlife and the hope of joining the cult god in a wonderful existence in eternity

A

mystery cults

60
Q

established in 1942 as an organization for privately sponsored schools with eh goal of advancement of mortuary education

A

National Association of Colleges of Mortuary Science

61
Q

an organization of concrete burial vault manufacturers, whose purpose is to provide a unified voice for the concrete burial vault industry, and to continually research and develop, then specify and promote minimum performance standards

A

National Concrete Burial Vault Association

62
Q

the oldest and largest national association of funeral directors and embalmers organized in 1882, that provides advocacy, education, information, products, programs, and services to help members enhance the quality of services to families

A

National Funeral Directors Association (NFDA)

63
Q

organized in 1924 as the Independent National Funeral Directors Association (present name adopted in 1957); established to represent specific interests of African-American funeral directors

A

National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association

64
Q

a combination of salts found in dry lake beds of the desert and used by early Egyptians in preparation of bodies; deceased covered in the product (sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and potassium nitrate) were dehydrated thus preventing decay

A

natron

65
Q

literally means “city of the dead”; cemeteries located on the west bank of the Nile River, they included mortuary temples and residences of mortuary workers

A

Necropolis

66
Q

funeral rites or burial ceremonies

A

obsequies

67
Q

a design introduced to square sided caskets in order to reduce the excess space and weight, particularly of metal caskets; characterized by an “S” shaped curvature; an “S” shaped molding that is a component part of the casket cap

A

ogee design

68
Q

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead

A

Osiris

69
Q

a follower of a polytheistic religion

A

pagan

70
Q

name of the ancient Roman embalmers; they were either slaves or employees of Libitinarius

A

pollinctores

71
Q

aka crier; a special funeral functionary in ancient Rome who summoned participants to a public funeral

A

praeco

72
Q

due to fear that the dead might be jealous, the ancient Romans and Greeks hired persons (often women) to shriek, tear their hair and rend garments, etc. in order to insure adequate display of emotion

A

professional mourners

73
Q

Catholic belief that those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven

A

purgatorial doctrine

74
Q

care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color; Joel Crandall, a New York City embalmer, is credited with developing the specialty in 1912, and is known as the “father of _________”

A

restorative art

75
Q

early Egyptians cut massive coffins from a single mass of stone to protect from grave robbers; same term is applied today to massive copper and bronze caskets; derivation of term is from Greek, for flesh and eaters because when opened, bodies inside were found to be in a state of decay

A

sarcophagus

76
Q

a limited, invitation-only membership funeral service organization formed in 1917 on the basis of one member firm per city (formerly National Selected Morticians)

A

Independent Funeral Homes (SIFH)

77
Q

church caretaker who had responsibility for church property, ringing of bells and digging of graves in the churchyard cemetery

A

sexton

78
Q

mortuary fee paid to insure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven

A

soul shot

79
Q

casket designed for President Ulysses S. Grant by Stein Coffin Co. in 1885 which helped elevate acceptance of cloth-covered caskets

A

style ‘E’ state coffin

80
Q

term originated when some of the original graduates of early embalming courses gave up regular employment with a single firm to provide embalming service to firms which had no trained embalmer

A

trade embalmer

81
Q

long hollow tube patented in 1868 by Samuel Rogers in Philadelphia; used by embalmers to inject fluids into cavities and remove excess liquids

A

trocar

82
Q

original term applied to those whose occupation included responsibility to organize and facilitate funeral activities; used by some for the term funeral director

A

undertaker

83
Q

name given to the vehicle used by undertakers to transport the necessary mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where funerals were typically held; these vehicles sometimes had an appearance similar to a hearse, but were much less ornate

A

undertaker’s buggy

84
Q

first formal organization of undertakers; kept a black book of objectionable and delinquent customers to be shared among members only; originated in Philadelphia, January 1864

A

Undertakers Mutual Protective Association

85
Q

organization of college and university-based funeral service programs established in 1961

A

University Mortuary Science Education Association

86
Q

originated as an ancient Hebrew practice, family and friends sit with the deceased as a precaution against premature burial; continued as an act of piety in Middle Ages (aka vigil for the dead)

A

wake

Arts Section (19 decks)

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