History Exam 1 Dec Flashcards
Who were the trekboers
The Dutch/European settlers. Who moved out of the control of the VOC
Spoke a language called “Die Taal” a mixture of languages spoken at the Cape which is an early form of Afrikaans.
NB-The Trekboers come BEFORE the “great trek” of the 1800’s.
Why did they “trek”
This was often due to either not having enough land (land was given by the VOC) or to escape the rules of the VOC (THIS IS AN NB POINT later).
WHERE DID THEY “TREK”
Moved out of the Cape Colony. Into the interior of Southern Africa
By the 1770’s they had reached the Eastern Cape (Graaf Reinet), Northern Cape (crossed the Orange River)
They had to move slowly-No roads ect
Name two things that the Trekboers came back to the Cape for
They often returned to the Cape for supplies such as
brandy
tobacco
and other essentials.
How did the Trekboers survive
The Trek boers lived a nomadic lifestyle, very often living in tents but also kept slaves that they bought in the Cape. They got cattle and livestock by organising raids against the Khoi (killed over 2500 and enslaved over 700) and clashed with the Xhosa in the East over grazing land.
When did Jan Van Riebeeck arrive at the Cape and set up a refreshment station.
Jan Van Riebeeck arrives at the Cape. Sets up a refreshment station.
When did the VOC organize a large scale emigration to the Cape
1688 - 1692
What happened between 1680 and 1700
Europeans start moving out of the Cape and into the interior of Southern Africa.
When did The VOC start to decline in strength?
The 1750s
When did The British Empire take control of the Cape?
1795
When is the cape given back to the dutch
1803
When did the British take full control over the cape
1806
What were the 4 things that happened in 1795
The British Vs The French
The French and the British were both growing empires and in, direct competition.
War
The French were at war with Holland and the threat of them taking over the Cape was real
The Cape is an ideal trading port.
The Indian trade route. The French controlling this would have impacted the British Trade routes.
More war
The British invaded the Cape and defeated the VOC at the Battle of Muizenberg.
By 1799 the VOC basically collapsed as a company.
In what battle did the British take the cape back
War breaks out again and the British take back the Cape from the Dutch after defeating them at the Battle of Blaauwberg.
How much did the British pay the dutch for the Cape? It was officially declared a British colony in 1815
6 million pounds
Name 3 things that the British did to “improve” their new colony
They lowered taxes,allowed farmers to sell produce to anybody, imported new farming implements and methods, built water taps, created sporting venues and newspapers.
What was it called when the British improved their new colony
This is seen as a major turning point in South African History.
What is a frontier
A frontier is a barrier between two different communities or countries.
Why did all the buildings that were built after 1815 look completely different
This is because they were built by the british
What were the effects of the expansion? of the frontier
- A language barrier develop (Eng, Dutch,Locals, etc)
- Trekboers move further inland-Khoi Khoi would have to be dispossessed of land. (lack of weapons/tech means its hard to fight back) They could either flee to the mountains or become servants of the settlers
- New towns set up in the interior of Southern Africa (Swellendam and Graaf Reinet are examples)
-The frontier expands East and the Dutch farmers are in conflict with the Xhosa over grazing land.
Summary
-With the rapid growth of the Cape the indigenous population would be forced to move/In direct conflict with the colony.
When do The Dutch/Trekboers begin to move East?
Conflict with the Xhosa
In 1779 The Dutch/Trekboers begin to move East.
Conflict with the Xhosa
When does conflict in the Suurveld end
1879
As the Dutch/Trekboers expanded the Cape East.
They needed more land to graze their Cattle.
An area of land, between the Sundays River and Fish River, had the perfect mix of weather, temperature and topography for grazing.
Known as the Zuurveld (sour grass).
What caused the conflict between them and the Xhosa?
The VOC/Dutch in 1870 created a boundary and forced the Xhosa out of the area.
Who is chief Maqoma
A Xhosa chief and warrior.
Led the Xhosa in battles against the British
Favoured Guerilla tactics over outright battles
Eventually captured and sent to Robben Island
Once he was released he went back to his land and encouraged the Xhosa to fight the British. He was sent back to Robben Island where he died.
Who were the first three frontier wars fought between
The first three wars were fought between the Xhosa and the Trekboers.
The VOC assisted the Trekboers in these wars. They were unable to drive the Xhosa out of the area and drew up a peace treaty.
What happened after the British took over the cape
Once the British took over the Cape they sent well-trained soldiers to the Suurveld and defeated the Xhosa (took a long time)
Who was the source of meat for the cape
The Farmers in the area were the source of meat for the Cape and therefore important. (They provided the cattle…They weren’t the meat themselves)
They built forts, sent more settlers, and over time took full control of the area.
Go through the answers about chief maqoma
How do these sources describe Maqoma?
They are positive descriptions of Maqoma-Even though his actions of war are described he is described at going to war “reluctantly”.
Which words in Source A and B tell you that Chief Maqoma was: (3) a. brave? b. loyal? c. fearless?
-Daring, Bold, Gallant.
Why would Source A describe Maqoma as an excellent friend but dangerous enemy?
He was a great military mind, therefore if he was on your “side” he was an asset and if you fought against him it would be dangerous.
What was unique about Maqoma as a Chief?
He is respected by the British, as displayed in the positive 1st hand accounts of Maqoma.
He was the first chief to sue for peace.
What was the effect of Maqoma’s leadership for the Cape Colony? (How did he impact them?
-He made it tough for the Cape to function and grow. His actions led to refugees etc.
What was the great trek
The Movement of Afrikaner/Dutch-speaking people out of the Cape in order to create their own homeland independent of British rule.
Remember this important note
This is NOT the same as the Trekboers. While the Trekboers moved out of the colony, they didn’t leave to set up a new homeland.
Where did the Voortrekkers go
The Voortrekkers moved out of the control of the Cape Colony. This didn’t just mean out of the border of the Colony but far enough away from the Cape that the British would not be able to prosecute them for breaking the laws of the Cape.
They Trekked into the interior of Southern Africa.
The Afrikaners/Dutch citizens of the Cape were unhappy with British rule at the Cape for a number of reasons.
Name 2
1) Slavery was abolished and they now lost a free source of labour-Offered compensation but had to collect the money in London.
2) They didn’t agree that slaves/African workers could take them to court for mistreatment
3) They were upset that Dutch was no longer the official language of the Cape
What are the two areas that the Voortrekkers settled at
The Boers eventually settled in two areas in the interior of Southern Africa.
The Orange Free State and the Transvaal
What conflicts happened when the trekboers moved inland
Thousands of Trekboers travelling into the interior of Southern Africa meant conflict with the people living there.
Who were the inboeklinge
The Inboekelinge were Voortrekker servants who were treated like slaves in the part of South Africa that was called the Transvaal during the period between 1840 and 1870.
State how the inboeklinge were treated like slaves
They received only food and shelter in exchange for their labour and were not allowed to leave their masters to work elsewhere.
What kind of people were the inboeklinge
African and European men kidnapped children who had been orphaned during raids. These traders took children around in wagons trying to sell them.
At what age were the inboeklinge freed
The girls were usually kept as unpaid servants until they were 21 and the boys were freed at 25.
Why were the Voortrekkers able to get away with the inboeklinge
The Voortrekkers were able to get away with this system of secret slavery because they were so far away from the British.
What types of jobs were the inboeklinge given
Inboekelinge were welcomed by Boer households as they carried out a number of different jobs. Some were used as herdsmen, voorleiers (ox-wagon leaders), diggers of irrigation canals, constructors of the dam and kraal walls and the builders of Boer houses. Inboekelinge were responsible for the construction of the first church at Rustenburg.
What was Europe like in 1820`
Europe in 1820
- Napoleonic wars have just ended. (Napoleon lost) - The massive British army is not needed. - 300 000 soldiers and sailors in Britain are now unemployed (No Jobs because men are too expensive to employ)
What was the Cape like in 1820
The Cape in 1820
-The expansion of the Eastern Frontier
The British army have set up a boundary and forced the Xhosa out.
-As a result the land along the boundary needed filling.
-The British brought some of these unemployed people to the Cape to farm to stop the Xhosa from entering the colony.
What happened for the people that were unemployed and poor
The British Government set aside money to provide a voyage, farms and tools for these people.
They were promised a new life, the ownership of a farm and a chance to prosper.
This was a great offer for these unemployed people living in London in terrible conditions.
How many people arrived at the Cape between April and June 1820
Between April and June 1820 about 4000 settlers arrived at Port Elizabeth.
Where did the people that arrived in PE live
Lived on the beaches until Trekboers took them to their new farms.
What were the people that arrived in PE get in order to survive
Given tents, farm equipment and food to survive.
What were some of the natural problems that occurred once the 1820 settlers had their farms
Many of these “farmers” had no idea how to farm. They faced droughts, floods, new diseases, wild animals, Xhosa raids.
What did some of the 1820 settlers do due to the natural problems
Many settlers abandoned their farms and found jobs such as teachers, lawyers or doctors in towns such as Port Elizabeth (Gqeberha) or Grahamstown (Makhanda).
What happened to the people who carried on farming
Those who stayed to farm expanded their farms and contributed to the growth of The Cape Colony.
What happened after the Napoleonic war
After the Napoleonic Wars there was major change in Europe.
-Ideas of equality and freedom developed and people began to think slavery was wrong.
These ideas spread to the Cape.
Who pushed for the abolishment of slavery
Missionaries in South Africa pushed for the abolishment of Slavery
What gave the Khoi equal rights
Ordinance 50 was passed in 1828 which gave the Khoi equal rights to Europeans.
When was slavery outlawed throughout the British Empire
By 1834 Slavery was outlawed throughout the British Empire.
