History and Systems Flashcards
Created the theory of visual color theory
Young-Helmholtz
Created opponent process theory
Hering
Involved in the creation of factor analysis
Spearman and Thurstone
Idealism, solipsism; all we can know is our own experience
Theory of space perception
Berkeley
The mind knows only its true processes; skepticism, innate categories of cause and effect have no necessary connection - simple and complex ideas
Hume
Precepts given according to concepts. Categories of cause and effect, time, space are “filters” of perception and experience.
Kant
An attempt to explain complex wholes as associated elements
associationism
Culmination of philosophy of associationism, elementism. Principle of contiguity
James Mill
Theory of permanent possibilities of sensations and coined “mental chemistry”
James Stuart Mill
Wrote Principles of Psychology, asserted that instincts are inherited concatenations of reflexes, evolutionary associationism
Spencer
Wrote Origin of Species, theory of evolution
Darwin
Published the first systematic psychology textbook, discussed neurology, asserted that behavior occurs due to trial and error
Bain
Phenomena of mind and behavior can be described in the concepts of the physical sciences
Scientific materialism
First educational psychologist; first mathematical psychologist
Herbart
Published Handbook of Physiology, coined two-point threshold - Weber’s law
Muller and Weber
Coined conservation of energy, wrote on perception, measured speed of neural impulse, studied vision and hearing
Helmholtz
Theory of color mixture: red, green, and blue cones
Young-Helmholtz Theory
Coined theory of mysticism, psychophysics: method of limits, constant stimuli, reproduction
Fechner
Person who believed science included social and natural elements. Experimental self-observation, experimenter and participant, method.
Wundt
Believed experience comprised of sensations, feelings, consciousness, attention: Studied sensation/perception, attention, reaction time
Wundt
Person who conducted systematic and crucial experiments. Mental acts include recalling, sensing, judging
Brentano
Studied space perception and audition; phenomenology
Stumpf
Coined nativism in space perception and color theory.: negative after images, red-green/blue-yellow/black-white cones, opponent process theory
Hering
Developed intelligence testing, wrote “On memory” coined forgetting curve, remote associations
Ebbinghaus
Worked on eugenics, fingerprinting, free association
Galton
Wrote the Principles of Psychology, on pathways in brain, on stimulus-response, stream of consciousness
William James
Popularized questionnaires, first US lab
Hall
First used rat maze
Sanford
Studied individual differences
Cattell
School of psychology concerned with introspection
structuralism
School of psychology concerned with adaptation
functionalism
A structuralist who looked at the structure and content of the mind. Observed the what, why, and how of the elements.
Titchener
The center of explicit functionalism
Chicago
The center of implicit functionalism
Columbia
Functionalist who studied operations and functions of consciousness
Angell
Functionalist who held that the organism adapts consisting of motive, stimulus, sensory of situation, incentive, response
Carr
Functionalist who popularized scientific method in psychology, social psych, and psych of language
Mead
Functionalist who studied escape of animals from puzzle box, blind trial and error, law of effect, S-R connection strengthened by satisfier, connectionism
Thorndike
People who measured intelligence via reaction time, psychophysics but it did not work well
Cattell, Calkins
First intelligence test, age-graded puzzle tasks, identify children who would struggle in school, mental age
Binet and Simon
Popularizer of behaviorism. Environmentalism, conditioning. Believed consciousness was not legitimate subject. Thinking is subvocal speech.
S-R connectedness, reflexes as units of bx. Emotions, instincts, and habits are all reflex arcs.
Watson
Posited that learning is not a series of chained reflexes and equipotentiality
Lashley
Coined single law of learning
Guthrie
Created the operational definition of “reinforcer.” Walden two, environmental control of bx.
Skinner
“From above down” not “from below up”
gestalt
Gestalt psychologist who coined field theory, life space, sensitivity training
Lewin
Psychoanalytic psychologist who focused on individual, inferiority feelings, style of life, will to power
Adler
Movement that followed logical positivism, used triangulation, avoided pseudoproblems
operationism
