Historiography Flashcards
1549 Rebellions were serious
Guy- closest thing to a class war
Wood- sharpness in social conflict
Beer- government was initially poorly prepared
Duffy- Somerset was slow to register the seriousness of the Western Rebellion
1549 Rebellions were not serious
Beer- remainder of the country remained quiet and orderly
Fletcher- the rebellion never had a real chance of forcing the government to make concessions in its religious policy
Causes of Kett’s Rebellion
Loades- angry men who felt laws and customs were being eroded
Fletcher- breakdown of trust between governing class and local government
Causes of Western Rebellion
A.F. Pollard- mostly social causes. Social movement
Beer- Religion was one of the major forces
Causes of Wyatt’s Rebellion
Fletcher and MacCulloch - restore Protestantism
Guy- motives were uncertain. Religion was an important issue
Tittler- didn’t want a Spanish king
Wyatt Rebellion was serious
Fletcher- Wyatt came closer than any other rebel to toppling a monarch from the throne.
Lee- dangerous threat to Mary’s position
Wyatt Rebellion wasn’t serious
Guy- failed due to Mary’s resolve, Wyatt’s delay and peoples fear
MacCulloch- no major difficulty to defeat rebellion
Tittler- Queen and Council made the right decisions
Causes of the Northern Rebellion
Kesselring- norfolk marriage plot
Haigh- overthrown Protestantism
MacCaffrey- failure of Norfolk/ Mary plot forced Westmorland and Northumberland into rebellion
Northern Rebellion was serious
Kesselring- serious due to marriage conspiracy
Northern Rebellion not serious
Haigh- rebels attempt was ‘botched’ (clumsy, careless). Also, Leicester raised army
Tillbrook- power of northern nobles was broken so there was less opposition
Essex Rebellion
Guy- fiasco of a rebellion
Williams- Essex’s supporters had lost touch political reality
Simpson- not serious and not provoked by government
Gajda- shambolic and confusing
Edward’s rule-negative
Pollard and Bindoff- weak and squandered his inheritance
Elton- easily swayed and exercised little influence
Edward’s rule- positive
Loades- faced great economic strains
Guy- England was not worse than other countries
Hoak- Edward deserves more recognition
Somerset- positive
Durant- intelligent and courageous
Jordan- ‘good Duke’
Pollard and Tawney- social idealist
Bernard- Privy Council supported him wholly
Somerset- negative
Hoak- forgot he wasn’t king
Bush- his problems were of his own creation. Obsessed with Scotland at the expense of other policies
Elton- he was high-handed (used power more forcefully than needed)
Guy- his economic policies were the worst
Religious changes under Somerset
Motives
Loach- for his own power
Hoak- not driven by Godly agenda. Wanted to strengthen his position
Religious changes under Somerset
Effects
Duffy- ‘sweeping changes’
MacCulloch- laid the foundations but only a minority actively supported them
Causes for overthrow of Somerset
Jones- factional fighting
Haigh- inability to handle rebellions of 1549
Northumberland- negative
Pollard and Fronde- ‘wicked Duke’
Jordan- didn’t have that much power
Guy- chaotic policies
Like Somerset, he became a quasi-king
Haigh- economic crisis as people stopped donating to Crown due to dislike of religious policies
Northumberland- positive
Jordan- loyal to Edward
Hoak- one of the most remarkably able governors of the 16th Century
Tittler- successful but cared little for religion
Bush- Somerset worse, N drew government back together
Religion under Northumberland
Motives
MacCulloch- Edward’s influence
Loades and MacCulloch- became more Protestant himself
Religion under Northumberland
Effects
Duffy- flood-tide of radicalism
Haigh- broke decisively with the past. Harsh crown policies led to a change in belief
Mary-positive
Guy- financial reforms were surprisingly successful. Military reforms laid the foundations for Elizabeth
Loades- fruitful (but after marriage her reign lost momentum)
Tittler- failures due to natural disasters, not her own mistakes. Her government was considerably effective
Mary- negative
Guy- never appear creative
Lee- Parliament tested her power
Prescott- easily swayed by emotions
Harris- marriage was the root of her failures
Pollard-sterile
Religion under Mary- positive
Duffy- terrible as the burnings were, they were working. The majority was glad to be Catholic again. Few Protestants
Pogson and Tittler- Catholicism was popular by 1558
Bindoff- unopposed revival
Loach- little genuine opposition to the Counter Reformation
Haigh- religion was one of the element’s of Mary’s appeal
Religion under Mary- negative
MacCulloch- Marian Church was inept and unimaginative
Loades- only grudging acceptance
Pollard- swimming against the tide of history as the dominant religion was Protestantism
Dickens- inevitably doomed
Lotherington-Protestantism benefitted from her reign
Mid- tudor crisis
Jones
Pollard
No mid-tudors crisis
Loades
Matusiak
Factional Rivalries were serious
Guy- tore apart the Council
Haigh- Elizabeth was a prisoner of faction. Rivalries sometimes threatened disaster. Court factions of naval and land campaigns meant Elizabeth was more concerned about cost than faction
Williams- Cecil and Essex brought increasing discontent
Ives- damaging
Factional Rivalries weren’t serious
Neale- the Court was obsessed with patronage at the Queen’s disposal. She dealt with factions
Doran- rarely overruled by her council
Adams- there was no factionalism, they all worked together
Guy- collective decision making
Factional rivalry during Elizabeth’s reign
Guy and Adams- less important during Elizabeth’s reign than earlier in the 16th century.
After 1569, there was endemic factionalism but previously there wasn’t factionalism.
Neale- for the first 30 years one of her greatest strengths was to control factions at Court
Alford- there was no factionalism early in her reign
Williams- Cecil and Essex brought increasing discontent
Conflict with Parliament
Neale- powers increased throughout her reign
Read- confrontational
Guy- 1601 most fractious year of reign
Doran- in control but had heated debates of royal prerogative
Jones- Catholic House of Lords pushed for a more Catholic settlement
No conflict with Parliament
Elton- real power lay with the Crown (but she lost control in 66 and 71)
Graves- no opposition
Williams- impressive record of achievement (poor law)
19th century (Lingard)- faced little opposition
Haigh- praise for Elizabeth’s lack of need to veto Parliament in the early years of her reign
Elizabeth as a female monarch
Levin- she became her own free woman
McLaren- prisoner of gender
Haigh- her gender was blamed for mistakes but her psychological strength beat the patriarchal system
Elizabeth and Marriage
Haigh- she never intended to marry
Doran- no evidence she never intended to marry. She knew the pressure of producing an heir
Adams- death of Amy Dudley provided Elizabeth with an excuse not to marry Leicester
Jordan- avoided marriage due to fear of losing power like Mary
Local government
Palliser- ‘ramshackle’
MacCaffrey- clumsy but did the job
Smith- governing classes mainly agreed with Crown’s policies, successful
Elizabeth in the later years
MacCaffrey- factions were her fault
Guy- her grip on events slackened markedly
Doran- despite her age, Elizabeth could occasionally impress with her intelligence and majesty
Influences on Religious Settlement of 1559
Neale- forced to make more Protestant prayer book due to ‘Puritan Choir’
Haigh, Loades, Guy, Elton and MacCaffrey- Catholic Lords made it more of a compromise
Importance of Privy Councillors
Traditional (Camden, Neale and Read)- Elizabeth was an authoritative monarch. Cult of Gloriana!
Haigh- they were the power behind the throne. Over relied on Burghley
Doran- if the privy council had been united about the right husband for Elizabeth, Elizabeth couldn’t have ignored them
Hammer- in the later years, the Council no longer included the most important and respected families in the land
Graves- PC influenced much opposition in Parliament
Challenges to Religious Settlement of 1559
Jones- Catholics in House of Lords opposed Uniformity Bill
Doran and Haigh- people bent with the times until 1569
Finality of Religious Settlement of 1559
Haugaard- Elizabeth saw the settlement as final
Hudson- always wanted a Protestant settlement but there was never intention of restoring the original prayer book- appearance had to be maintained to play along with House of Lords
Lake- Elizabeth saw it as final but some councillors thought there would be further reform
Pollard and Jordan- Elizabeth achieved the church she wanted
There weren’t challenges to Religious Settlement of 1559
Haigh- not much opposition from the House of Lords and by the end Catholicism had eroded
Doran and Haigh- people bent with the times (until 1569)
Williams- most had become accustomed to Protestantism by the end of her reign and was no longer a political issue
Puritans were a threat
Neale- Puritan opposition became more organised and gained new radical leaders
Green- serious threat, praises E for containing them
Lee- maintained consistent opposition to Elizabeth
Puritans weren’t a threat
Elton- debate over religious settlement in 1559 was just a debate, not serious threat
Craig- Puritan meetings in London were a minor affair
Collinson- Never a threat. Presbyterianism was a small minority and Puritan organisation was broken after the 1590s.
Catholic Plots were a threat
Neale- political threat, not threat to Elizabeth personally
Bossy- Throckmorton Plot was a genuine conspiracy
Catholic Plots weren’t a threat
Guy- exaggerated by Burghley to bring Mary’s downfall
Haigh- exaggerated by Privy Council
Catholics were a threat
Bossy- seminary priests did much to ensure the survival of Catholicism
Doran- Elizabeth couldn’t eliminate Catholic recusancy (so she used it as a means of income)
Haigh- not in persistent decline at the start of her reign so was a threat
Duffy- outside London and the South-East, England remained Catholic until the 1580s
MacCaffrey- excommunication was a turning point that increased Catholic threat
Catholics weren’t a threat
Haigh- Catholicism substantially disappeared among ordinary people. Became a country house religion
Doran- Catholicism eroded by the end of reign due to the Crown’s policies
Bossy- Catholicism soon retreated and became minority status
Extent of Catholicism and Puritanism by 1603
Williams- Church of England had won control as most had become accustomed to Protestantism
Doran and Haigh- by the end Catholicism had eroded
Jordan and Pollard- Elizabeth achieved the Church she wanted
Scotland
Doran- achieved clear success
Failure in Spain
MacCaffrey- Elizabeth lacked military experience
Haigh- court factions in naval and land campaigns. Elizabeth was more concerned about cost than faction so failed to control them.
Doran- external factors were more important for success (but Elizabeth’s policies were still significant)
Success in Spain
Neale- time of greatness when England emerged as the leading western European power
Sloane- succeeded even though she did not want war with Spain
Doran- external factors were important for success but Elizabeth’s policies were still significant
France
Guy- Treaty of Blois was a ‘defensive league’ against Spain. Wanted to settle interests at minimal cost
Wilson- Elizabeth was inconsistent in terms of marriage negotiations and was in communication with both Huguenots and French Crown
Wernham- Elizabeth was consistent as objective of national security and containing french threat never changed. She used france as a counterweight against Spain
Success in Netherlands
Wernham- Elizabeth was consistent as her objectives never changed, only the means by which they had to be achieved
Doran- Elizabeth achieved a favourable settlement
MacCaffrey- ultimate success but military initiatives were not Elizabeth’s
Failure in Netherlands
Wilson- Elizabeth was inconsistent. Initially indirectly supported rebels but then sent troops in 1585. Stealing Spanish bullion was risky and an act of piracy
Haigh- Leicester was crippled by his own incompetence as a commander
Success of foreign policy
Wernham- triumph for England
Rowse- Elizabeth dominated over a strong Council united against the Catholic enemy. Protestant foreign policy
MacCaffrey- Elizabeth was a realist which led to her success
Williams- Elizabeth had to make the call over a divided Council
Loades- policy was always defensive
Neale- time of greatness
Doran- she achieved her aims
Sloane- success. Avoided war as it was costly
Failure of foreign policy
Wilson- inconsistent and very reactive policies. Netherlands was a policy of panic and indecision.
Haigh- Spain was still a force to be reckoned with. Elizabeth was at the mercy of her military generals.
Her Councillors had a lot of power over foreign policy. Elizabeth was agressive and provocative in her early years
Williams- Elizabeth had to make the call over a divided Council
MacCaffrey- factional rivalries at the end of her reign caused problems in foreign policy
Adams- PC pressured Elizabeth into an aggressive foreign policy
Wentworth 1576
Neale- he was an important MP
Graves- he was fool-hardy and impetuous
Elton- the other MP’s thought he had gone too far
Economy- Failure
Palliser- trade remained ‘relatively backwards’ but there was economic progress
Guy- economic turmoil due to bad harvests, plague and influenza
Slack-economic stress
MacCaffrey- Cecil’s failure to reform financial system caused problems in the later period. Long term planning was not a feature of the Elizabethan economy.
Economy- Success
Palliser- trade remained ‘relatively backwards’ but there was economic progress
Williams- Poor law was an impressive record of achievement
Doran- praises Elizabeth for accepting limitations of finances in relation to foreign policy
Elizabeth and England
Williams- ‘Thanks in part to her (Elizabeth’s) caution… the Crown was saved from disasters’
Starkey- ‘not only great but also admirable’
Foreign policy objectives (Edward, Mary, E)
Traditional (Jordan and Neale)- national security was Edward and Elizabeth’s main objective but Mary’s hispanophilia was harmful to national security
Bush- Somerset had been a glory seeker obsessed with Scotland
England Elizabeth inherited
Camden/ Neale- torn apart
Haigh- did not inherit such a problematic kingdom
Recent historians 24
Russell, Pollard, Palliser, Simpson, Adams, Alford, Durant, Fletcher, Ives, Collinson, Elton, Lee, Graves, Loach, Williams, Lake, Guy, MacCaffrey, MacCulloch, Haigh, Doran, Loades, Smith, Starkey, Tittler, Matusiak and Jones
Traditionalists 5
Green, Neale, Froude, Wernam and Read (Camden)
