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Historiography Flashcards

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1
Q

1549 Rebellions were serious

A

Guy- closest thing to a class war

Wood- sharpness in social conflict

Beer- government was initially poorly prepared

Duffy- Somerset was slow to register the seriousness of the Western Rebellion

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2
Q

1549 Rebellions were not serious

A

Beer- remainder of the country remained quiet and orderly

Fletcher- the rebellion never had a real chance of forcing the government to make concessions in its religious policy

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3
Q

Causes of Kett’s Rebellion

A

Loades- angry men who felt laws and customs were being eroded

Fletcher- breakdown of trust between governing class and local government

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4
Q

Causes of Western Rebellion

A

A.F. Pollard- mostly social causes. Social movement

Beer- Religion was one of the major forces

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5
Q

Causes of Wyatt’s Rebellion

A

Fletcher and MacCulloch - restore Protestantism

Guy- motives were uncertain. Religion was an important issue

Tittler- didn’t want a Spanish king

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6
Q

Wyatt Rebellion was serious

A

Fletcher- Wyatt came closer than any other rebel to toppling a monarch from the throne.

Lee- dangerous threat to Mary’s position

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7
Q

Wyatt Rebellion wasn’t serious

A

Guy- failed due to Mary’s resolve, Wyatt’s delay and peoples fear

MacCulloch- no major difficulty to defeat rebellion

Tittler- Queen and Council made the right decisions

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8
Q

Causes of the Northern Rebellion

A

Kesselring- norfolk marriage plot

Haigh- overthrown Protestantism

MacCaffrey- failure of Norfolk/ Mary plot forced Westmorland and Northumberland into rebellion

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9
Q

Northern Rebellion was serious

A

Kesselring- serious due to marriage conspiracy

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10
Q

Northern Rebellion not serious

A

Haigh- rebels attempt was ‘botched’ (clumsy, careless). Also, Leicester raised army

Tillbrook- power of northern nobles was broken so there was less opposition

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11
Q

Essex Rebellion

A

Guy- fiasco of a rebellion

Williams- Essex’s supporters had lost touch political reality

Simpson- not serious and not provoked by government

Gajda- shambolic and confusing

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12
Q

Edward’s rule-negative

A

Pollard and Bindoff- weak and squandered his inheritance

Elton- easily swayed and exercised little influence

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13
Q

Edward’s rule- positive

A

Loades- faced great economic strains

Guy- England was not worse than other countries

Hoak- Edward deserves more recognition

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14
Q

Somerset- positive

A

Durant- intelligent and courageous

Jordan- ‘good Duke’

Pollard and Tawney- social idealist

Bernard- Privy Council supported him wholly

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15
Q

Somerset- negative

A

Hoak- forgot he wasn’t king

Bush- his problems were of his own creation. Obsessed with Scotland at the expense of other policies

Elton- he was high-handed (used power more forcefully than needed)

Guy- his economic policies were the worst

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16
Q

Religious changes under Somerset

Motives

A

Loach- for his own power

Hoak- not driven by Godly agenda. Wanted to strengthen his position

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17
Q

Religious changes under Somerset

Effects

A

Duffy- ‘sweeping changes’

MacCulloch- laid the foundations but only a minority actively supported them

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18
Q

Causes for overthrow of Somerset

A

Jones- factional fighting

Haigh- inability to handle rebellions of 1549

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19
Q

Northumberland- negative

A

Pollard and Fronde- ‘wicked Duke’

Jordan- didn’t have that much power

Guy- chaotic policies
Like Somerset, he became a quasi-king

Haigh- economic crisis as people stopped donating to Crown due to dislike of religious policies

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20
Q

Northumberland- positive

A

Jordan- loyal to Edward

Hoak- one of the most remarkably able governors of the 16th Century

Tittler- successful but cared little for religion

Bush- Somerset worse, N drew government back together

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21
Q

Religion under Northumberland

Motives

A

MacCulloch- Edward’s influence

Loades and MacCulloch- became more Protestant himself

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22
Q

Religion under Northumberland

Effects

A

Duffy- flood-tide of radicalism

Haigh- broke decisively with the past. Harsh crown policies led to a change in belief

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23
Q

Mary-positive

A

Guy- financial reforms were surprisingly successful. Military reforms laid the foundations for Elizabeth

Loades- fruitful (but after marriage her reign lost momentum)

Tittler- failures due to natural disasters, not her own mistakes. Her government was considerably effective

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24
Q

Mary- negative

A

Guy- never appear creative

Lee- Parliament tested her power

Prescott- easily swayed by emotions

Harris- marriage was the root of her failures

Pollard-sterile

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25
Q

Religion under Mary- positive

A

Duffy- terrible as the burnings were, they were working. The majority was glad to be Catholic again. Few Protestants

Pogson and Tittler- Catholicism was popular by 1558

Bindoff- unopposed revival

Loach- little genuine opposition to the Counter Reformation

Haigh- religion was one of the element’s of Mary’s appeal

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26
Q

Religion under Mary- negative

A

MacCulloch- Marian Church was inept and unimaginative

Loades- only grudging acceptance

Pollard- swimming against the tide of history as the dominant religion was Protestantism

Dickens- inevitably doomed

Lotherington-Protestantism benefitted from her reign

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27
Q

Mid- tudor crisis

A

Jones

Pollard

28
Q

No mid-tudors crisis

A

Loades

Matusiak

29
Q

Factional Rivalries were serious

A

Guy- tore apart the Council

Haigh- Elizabeth was a prisoner of faction. Rivalries sometimes threatened disaster. Court factions of naval and land campaigns meant Elizabeth was more concerned about cost than faction

Williams- Cecil and Essex brought increasing discontent

Ives- damaging

30
Q

Factional Rivalries weren’t serious

A

Neale- the Court was obsessed with patronage at the Queen’s disposal. She dealt with factions

Doran- rarely overruled by her council

Adams- there was no factionalism, they all worked together

Guy- collective decision making

31
Q

Factional rivalry during Elizabeth’s reign

A

Guy and Adams- less important during Elizabeth’s reign than earlier in the 16th century.
After 1569, there was endemic factionalism but previously there wasn’t factionalism.

Neale- for the first 30 years one of her greatest strengths was to control factions at Court

Alford- there was no factionalism early in her reign

Williams- Cecil and Essex brought increasing discontent

32
Q

Conflict with Parliament

A

Neale- powers increased throughout her reign

Read- confrontational

Guy- 1601 most fractious year of reign

Doran- in control but had heated debates of royal prerogative

Jones- Catholic House of Lords pushed for a more Catholic settlement

33
Q

No conflict with Parliament

A

Elton- real power lay with the Crown (but she lost control in 66 and 71)

Graves- no opposition

Williams- impressive record of achievement (poor law)

19th century (Lingard)- faced little opposition

Haigh- praise for Elizabeth’s lack of need to veto Parliament in the early years of her reign

34
Q

Elizabeth as a female monarch

A

Levin- she became her own free woman

McLaren- prisoner of gender

Haigh- her gender was blamed for mistakes but her psychological strength beat the patriarchal system

35
Q

Elizabeth and Marriage

A

Haigh- she never intended to marry

Doran- no evidence she never intended to marry. She knew the pressure of producing an heir

Adams- death of Amy Dudley provided Elizabeth with an excuse not to marry Leicester

Jordan- avoided marriage due to fear of losing power like Mary

36
Q

Local government

A

Palliser- ‘ramshackle’

MacCaffrey- clumsy but did the job

Smith- governing classes mainly agreed with Crown’s policies, successful

37
Q

Elizabeth in the later years

A

MacCaffrey- factions were her fault

Guy- her grip on events slackened markedly

Doran- despite her age, Elizabeth could occasionally impress with her intelligence and majesty

38
Q

Influences on Religious Settlement of 1559

A

Neale- forced to make more Protestant prayer book due to ‘Puritan Choir’

Haigh, Loades, Guy, Elton and MacCaffrey- Catholic Lords made it more of a compromise

39
Q

Importance of Privy Councillors

A

Traditional (Camden, Neale and Read)- Elizabeth was an authoritative monarch. Cult of Gloriana!

Haigh- they were the power behind the throne. Over relied on Burghley

Doran- if the privy council had been united about the right husband for Elizabeth, Elizabeth couldn’t have ignored them

Hammer- in the later years, the Council no longer included the most important and respected families in the land

Graves- PC influenced much opposition in Parliament

40
Q

Challenges to Religious Settlement of 1559

A

Jones- Catholics in House of Lords opposed Uniformity Bill

Doran and Haigh- people bent with the times until 1569

41
Q

Finality of Religious Settlement of 1559

A

Haugaard- Elizabeth saw the settlement as final

Hudson- always wanted a Protestant settlement but there was never intention of restoring the original prayer book- appearance had to be maintained to play along with House of Lords

Lake- Elizabeth saw it as final but some councillors thought there would be further reform

Pollard and Jordan- Elizabeth achieved the church she wanted

42
Q

There weren’t challenges to Religious Settlement of 1559

A

Haigh- not much opposition from the House of Lords and by the end Catholicism had eroded

Doran and Haigh- people bent with the times (until 1569)

Williams- most had become accustomed to Protestantism by the end of her reign and was no longer a political issue

43
Q

Puritans were a threat

A

Neale- Puritan opposition became more organised and gained new radical leaders

Green- serious threat, praises E for containing them

Lee- maintained consistent opposition to Elizabeth

44
Q

Puritans weren’t a threat

A

Elton- debate over religious settlement in 1559 was just a debate, not serious threat

Craig- Puritan meetings in London were a minor affair

Collinson- Never a threat. Presbyterianism was a small minority and Puritan organisation was broken after the 1590s.

45
Q

Catholic Plots were a threat

A

Neale- political threat, not threat to Elizabeth personally

Bossy- Throckmorton Plot was a genuine conspiracy

46
Q

Catholic Plots weren’t a threat

A

Guy- exaggerated by Burghley to bring Mary’s downfall

Haigh- exaggerated by Privy Council

47
Q

Catholics were a threat

A

Bossy- seminary priests did much to ensure the survival of Catholicism

Doran- Elizabeth couldn’t eliminate Catholic recusancy (so she used it as a means of income)

Haigh- not in persistent decline at the start of her reign so was a threat

Duffy- outside London and the South-East, England remained Catholic until the 1580s

MacCaffrey- excommunication was a turning point that increased Catholic threat

48
Q

Catholics weren’t a threat

A

Haigh- Catholicism substantially disappeared among ordinary people. Became a country house religion

Doran- Catholicism eroded by the end of reign due to the Crown’s policies

Bossy- Catholicism soon retreated and became minority status

49
Q

Extent of Catholicism and Puritanism by 1603

A

Williams- Church of England had won control as most had become accustomed to Protestantism

Doran and Haigh- by the end Catholicism had eroded

Jordan and Pollard- Elizabeth achieved the Church she wanted

50
Q

Scotland

A

Doran- achieved clear success

51
Q

Failure in Spain

A

MacCaffrey- Elizabeth lacked military experience

Haigh- court factions in naval and land campaigns. Elizabeth was more concerned about cost than faction so failed to control them.

Doran- external factors were more important for success (but Elizabeth’s policies were still significant)

52
Q

Success in Spain

A

Neale- time of greatness when England emerged as the leading western European power

Sloane- succeeded even though she did not want war with Spain

Doran- external factors were important for success but Elizabeth’s policies were still significant

53
Q

France

A

Guy- Treaty of Blois was a ‘defensive league’ against Spain. Wanted to settle interests at minimal cost

Wilson- Elizabeth was inconsistent in terms of marriage negotiations and was in communication with both Huguenots and French Crown

Wernham- Elizabeth was consistent as objective of national security and containing french threat never changed. She used france as a counterweight against Spain

54
Q

Success in Netherlands

A

Wernham- Elizabeth was consistent as her objectives never changed, only the means by which they had to be achieved

Doran- Elizabeth achieved a favourable settlement

MacCaffrey- ultimate success but military initiatives were not Elizabeth’s

55
Q

Failure in Netherlands

A

Wilson- Elizabeth was inconsistent. Initially indirectly supported rebels but then sent troops in 1585. Stealing Spanish bullion was risky and an act of piracy

Haigh- Leicester was crippled by his own incompetence as a commander

56
Q

Success of foreign policy

A

Wernham- triumph for England

Rowse- Elizabeth dominated over a strong Council united against the Catholic enemy. Protestant foreign policy

MacCaffrey- Elizabeth was a realist which led to her success

Williams- Elizabeth had to make the call over a divided Council

Loades- policy was always defensive

Neale- time of greatness

Doran- she achieved her aims

Sloane- success. Avoided war as it was costly

57
Q

Failure of foreign policy

A

Wilson- inconsistent and very reactive policies. Netherlands was a policy of panic and indecision.

Haigh- Spain was still a force to be reckoned with. Elizabeth was at the mercy of her military generals.
Her Councillors had a lot of power over foreign policy. Elizabeth was agressive and provocative in her early years

Williams- Elizabeth had to make the call over a divided Council

MacCaffrey- factional rivalries at the end of her reign caused problems in foreign policy

Adams- PC pressured Elizabeth into an aggressive foreign policy

58
Q

Wentworth 1576

A

Neale- he was an important MP

Graves- he was fool-hardy and impetuous

Elton- the other MP’s thought he had gone too far

59
Q

Economy- Failure

A

Palliser- trade remained ‘relatively backwards’ but there was economic progress

Guy- economic turmoil due to bad harvests, plague and influenza

Slack-economic stress

MacCaffrey- Cecil’s failure to reform financial system caused problems in the later period. Long term planning was not a feature of the Elizabethan economy.

60
Q

Economy- Success

A

Palliser- trade remained ‘relatively backwards’ but there was economic progress

Williams- Poor law was an impressive record of achievement

Doran- praises Elizabeth for accepting limitations of finances in relation to foreign policy

61
Q

Elizabeth and England

A

Williams- ‘Thanks in part to her (Elizabeth’s) caution… the Crown was saved from disasters’

Starkey- ‘not only great but also admirable’

62
Q

Foreign policy objectives (Edward, Mary, E)

A

Traditional (Jordan and Neale)- national security was Edward and Elizabeth’s main objective but Mary’s hispanophilia was harmful to national security

Bush- Somerset had been a glory seeker obsessed with Scotland

63
Q

England Elizabeth inherited

A

Camden/ Neale- torn apart

Haigh- did not inherit such a problematic kingdom

64
Q

Recent historians 24

A

Russell, Pollard, Palliser, Simpson, Adams, Alford, Durant, Fletcher, Ives, Collinson, Elton, Lee, Graves, Loach, Williams, Lake, Guy, MacCaffrey, MacCulloch, Haigh, Doran, Loades, Smith, Starkey, Tittler, Matusiak and Jones

65
Q

Traditionalists 5

A

Green, Neale, Froude, Wernam and Read (Camden)

History (9 decks)

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