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Historiography Flashcards

1
Q

1549 Rebellions were serious

A

Guy- closest thing to a class war

Wood- sharpness in social conflict

Beer- government was initially poorly prepared

Duffy- Somerset was slow to register the seriousness of the Western Rebellion

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2
Q

1549 Rebellions were not serious

A

Beer- remainder of the country remained quiet and orderly

Fletcher- the rebellion never had a real chance of forcing the government to make concessions in its religious policy

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3
Q

Causes of Kett’s Rebellion

A

Loades- angry men who felt laws and customs were being eroded

Fletcher- breakdown of trust between governing class and local government

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4
Q

Causes of Western Rebellion

A

A.F. Pollard- mostly social causes. Social movement

Beer- Religion was one of the major forces

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5
Q

Causes of Wyatt’s Rebellion

A

Fletcher and MacCulloch - restore Protestantism

Guy- motives were uncertain. Religion was an important issue

Tittler- didn’t want a Spanish king

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6
Q

Wyatt Rebellion was serious

A

Fletcher- Wyatt came closer than any other rebel to toppling a monarch from the throne.

Lee- dangerous threat to Mary’s position

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7
Q

Wyatt Rebellion wasn’t serious

A

Guy- failed due to Mary’s resolve, Wyatt’s delay and peoples fear

MacCulloch- no major difficulty to defeat rebellion

Tittler- Queen and Council made the right decisions

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8
Q

Causes of the Northern Rebellion

A

Kesselring- norfolk marriage plot

Haigh- overthrown Protestantism

MacCaffrey- failure of Norfolk/ Mary plot forced Westmorland and Northumberland into rebellion

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9
Q

Northern Rebellion was serious

A

Kesselring- serious due to marriage conspiracy

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10
Q

Northern Rebellion not serious

A

Haigh- rebels attempt was ‘botched’ (clumsy, careless). Also, Leicester raised army

Tillbrook- power of northern nobles was broken so there was less opposition

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11
Q

Essex Rebellion

A

Guy- fiasco of a rebellion

Williams- Essex’s supporters had lost touch political reality

Simpson- not serious and not provoked by government

Gajda- shambolic and confusing

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12
Q

Edward’s rule-negative

A

Pollard and Bindoff- weak and squandered his inheritance

Elton- easily swayed and exercised little influence

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13
Q

Edward’s rule- positive

A

Loades- faced great economic strains

Guy- England was not worse than other countries

Hoak- Edward deserves more recognition

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14
Q

Somerset- positive

A

Durant- intelligent and courageous

Jordan- ‘good Duke’

Pollard and Tawney- social idealist

Bernard- Privy Council supported him wholly

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15
Q

Somerset- negative

A

Hoak- forgot he wasn’t king

Bush- his problems were of his own creation. Obsessed with Scotland at the expense of other policies

Elton- he was high-handed (used power more forcefully than needed)

Guy- his economic policies were the worst

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16
Q

Religious changes under Somerset

Motives

A

Loach- for his own power

Hoak- not driven by Godly agenda. Wanted to strengthen his position

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17
Q

Religious changes under Somerset

Effects

A

Duffy- ‘sweeping changes’

MacCulloch- laid the foundations but only a minority actively supported them

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18
Q

Causes for overthrow of Somerset

A

Jones- factional fighting

Haigh- inability to handle rebellions of 1549

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19
Q

Northumberland- negative

A

Pollard and Fronde- ‘wicked Duke’

Jordan- didn’t have that much power

Guy- chaotic policies
Like Somerset, he became a quasi-king

Haigh- economic crisis as people stopped donating to Crown due to dislike of religious policies

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20
Q

Northumberland- positive

A

Jordan- loyal to Edward

Hoak- one of the most remarkably able governors of the 16th Century

Tittler- successful but cared little for religion

Bush- Somerset worse, N drew government back together

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21
Q

Religion under Northumberland

Motives

A

MacCulloch- Edward’s influence

Loades and MacCulloch- became more Protestant himself

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22
Q

Religion under Northumberland

Effects

A

Duffy- flood-tide of radicalism

Haigh- broke decisively with the past. Harsh crown policies led to a change in belief

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23
Q

Mary-positive

A

Guy- financial reforms were surprisingly successful. Military reforms laid the foundations for Elizabeth

Loades- fruitful (but after marriage her reign lost momentum)

Tittler- failures due to natural disasters, not her own mistakes. Her government was considerably effective

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24
Q

Mary- negative

A

Guy- never appear creative

Lee- Parliament tested her power

Prescott- easily swayed by emotions

Harris- marriage was the root of her failures

Pollard-sterile

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25
Religion under Mary- positive
Duffy- terrible as the burnings were, they were working. The majority was glad to be Catholic again. Few Protestants Pogson and Tittler- Catholicism was popular by 1558 Bindoff- unopposed revival Loach- little genuine opposition to the Counter Reformation Haigh- religion was one of the element's of Mary's appeal
26
Religion under Mary- negative
MacCulloch- Marian Church was inept and unimaginative Loades- only grudging acceptance Pollard- swimming against the tide of history as the dominant religion was Protestantism Dickens- inevitably doomed Lotherington-Protestantism benefitted from her reign
27
Mid- tudor crisis
Jones Pollard
28
No mid-tudors crisis
Loades Matusiak
29
Factional Rivalries were serious
Guy- tore apart the Council Haigh- Elizabeth was a prisoner of faction. Rivalries sometimes threatened disaster. Court factions of naval and land campaigns meant Elizabeth was more concerned about cost than faction Williams- Cecil and Essex brought increasing discontent Ives- damaging
30
Factional Rivalries weren't serious
Neale- the Court was obsessed with patronage at the Queen's disposal. She dealt with factions Doran- rarely overruled by her council Adams- there was no factionalism, they all worked together Guy- collective decision making
31
Factional rivalry during Elizabeth's reign
Guy and Adams- less important during Elizabeth's reign than earlier in the 16th century. After 1569, there was endemic factionalism but previously there wasn't factionalism. Neale- for the first 30 years one of her greatest strengths was to control factions at Court Alford- there was no factionalism early in her reign Williams- Cecil and Essex brought increasing discontent
32
Conflict with Parliament
Neale- powers increased throughout her reign Read- confrontational Guy- 1601 most fractious year of reign Doran- in control but had heated debates of royal prerogative Jones- Catholic House of Lords pushed for a more Catholic settlement
33
No conflict with Parliament
Elton- real power lay with the Crown (but she lost control in 66 and 71) Graves- no opposition Williams- impressive record of achievement (poor law) 19th century (Lingard)- faced little opposition Haigh- praise for Elizabeth's lack of need to veto Parliament in the early years of her reign
34
Elizabeth as a female monarch
Levin- she became her own free woman McLaren- prisoner of gender Haigh- her gender was blamed for mistakes but her psychological strength beat the patriarchal system
35
Elizabeth and Marriage
Haigh- she never intended to marry Doran- no evidence she never intended to marry. She knew the pressure of producing an heir Adams- death of Amy Dudley provided Elizabeth with an excuse not to marry Leicester Jordan- avoided marriage due to fear of losing power like Mary
36
Local government
Palliser- 'ramshackle' MacCaffrey- clumsy but did the job Smith- governing classes mainly agreed with Crown's policies, successful
37
Elizabeth in the later years
MacCaffrey- factions were her fault Guy- her grip on events slackened markedly Doran- despite her age, Elizabeth could occasionally impress with her intelligence and majesty
38
Influences on Religious Settlement of 1559
Neale- forced to make more Protestant prayer book due to 'Puritan Choir' Haigh, Loades, Guy, Elton and MacCaffrey- Catholic Lords made it more of a compromise
39
Importance of Privy Councillors
Traditional (Camden, Neale and Read)- Elizabeth was an authoritative monarch. Cult of Gloriana! Haigh- they were the power behind the throne. Over relied on Burghley Doran- if the privy council had been united about the right husband for Elizabeth, Elizabeth couldn't have ignored them Hammer- in the later years, the Council no longer included the most important and respected families in the land Graves- PC influenced much opposition in Parliament
40
Challenges to Religious Settlement of 1559
Jones- Catholics in House of Lords opposed Uniformity Bill Doran and Haigh- people bent with the times until 1569
41
Finality of Religious Settlement of 1559
Haugaard- Elizabeth saw the settlement as final Hudson- always wanted a Protestant settlement but there was never intention of restoring the original prayer book- appearance had to be maintained to play along with House of Lords Lake- Elizabeth saw it as final but some councillors thought there would be further reform Pollard and Jordan- Elizabeth achieved the church she wanted
42
There weren't challenges to Religious Settlement of 1559
Haigh- not much opposition from the House of Lords and by the end Catholicism had eroded Doran and Haigh- people bent with the times (until 1569) Williams- most had become accustomed to Protestantism by the end of her reign and was no longer a political issue
43
Puritans were a threat
Neale- Puritan opposition became more organised and gained new radical leaders Green- serious threat, praises E for containing them Lee- maintained consistent opposition to Elizabeth
44
Puritans weren't a threat
Elton- debate over religious settlement in 1559 was just a debate, not serious threat Craig- Puritan meetings in London were a minor affair Collinson- Never a threat. Presbyterianism was a small minority and Puritan organisation was broken after the 1590s.
45
Catholic Plots were a threat
Neale- political threat, not threat to Elizabeth personally Bossy- Throckmorton Plot was a genuine conspiracy
46
Catholic Plots weren't a threat
Guy- exaggerated by Burghley to bring Mary's downfall Haigh- exaggerated by Privy Council
47
Catholics were a threat
Bossy- seminary priests did much to ensure the survival of Catholicism Doran- Elizabeth couldn't eliminate Catholic recusancy (so she used it as a means of income) Haigh- not in persistent decline at the start of her reign so was a threat Duffy- outside London and the South-East, England remained Catholic until the 1580s MacCaffrey- excommunication was a turning point that increased Catholic threat
48
Catholics weren't a threat
Haigh- Catholicism substantially disappeared among ordinary people. Became a country house religion Doran- Catholicism eroded by the end of reign due to the Crown's policies Bossy- Catholicism soon retreated and became minority status
49
Extent of Catholicism and Puritanism by 1603
Williams- Church of England had won control as most had become accustomed to Protestantism Doran and Haigh- by the end Catholicism had eroded Jordan and Pollard- Elizabeth achieved the Church she wanted
50
Scotland
Doran- achieved clear success
51
Failure in Spain
MacCaffrey- Elizabeth lacked military experience Haigh- court factions in naval and land campaigns. Elizabeth was more concerned about cost than faction so failed to control them. Doran- external factors were more important for success (but Elizabeth's policies were still significant)
52
Success in Spain
Neale- time of greatness when England emerged as the leading western European power Sloane- succeeded even though she did not want war with Spain Doran- external factors were important for success but Elizabeth's policies were still significant
53
France
Guy- Treaty of Blois was a 'defensive league' against Spain. Wanted to settle interests at minimal cost Wilson- Elizabeth was inconsistent in terms of marriage negotiations and was in communication with both Huguenots and French Crown Wernham- Elizabeth was consistent as objective of national security and containing french threat never changed. She used france as a counterweight against Spain
54
Success in Netherlands
Wernham- Elizabeth was consistent as her objectives never changed, only the means by which they had to be achieved Doran- Elizabeth achieved a favourable settlement MacCaffrey- ultimate success but military initiatives were not Elizabeth's
55
Failure in Netherlands
Wilson- Elizabeth was inconsistent. Initially indirectly supported rebels but then sent troops in 1585. Stealing Spanish bullion was risky and an act of piracy Haigh- Leicester was crippled by his own incompetence as a commander
56
Success of foreign policy
Wernham- triumph for England Rowse- Elizabeth dominated over a strong Council united against the Catholic enemy. Protestant foreign policy MacCaffrey- Elizabeth was a realist which led to her success Williams- Elizabeth had to make the call over a divided Council Loades- policy was always defensive Neale- time of greatness Doran- she achieved her aims Sloane- success. Avoided war as it was costly
57
Failure of foreign policy
Wilson- inconsistent and very reactive policies. Netherlands was a policy of panic and indecision. Haigh- Spain was still a force to be reckoned with. Elizabeth was at the mercy of her military generals. Her Councillors had a lot of power over foreign policy. Elizabeth was agressive and provocative in her early years Williams- Elizabeth had to make the call over a divided Council MacCaffrey- factional rivalries at the end of her reign caused problems in foreign policy Adams- PC pressured Elizabeth into an aggressive foreign policy
58
Wentworth 1576
Neale- he was an important MP Graves- he was fool-hardy and impetuous Elton- the other MP's thought he had gone too far
59
Economy- Failure
Palliser- trade remained 'relatively backwards' but there was economic progress Guy- economic turmoil due to bad harvests, plague and influenza Slack-economic stress MacCaffrey- Cecil's failure to reform financial system caused problems in the later period. Long term planning was not a feature of the Elizabethan economy.
60
Economy- Success
Palliser- trade remained 'relatively backwards' but there was economic progress Williams- Poor law was an impressive record of achievement Doran- praises Elizabeth for accepting limitations of finances in relation to foreign policy
61
Elizabeth and England
Williams- 'Thanks in part to her (Elizabeth's) caution... the Crown was saved from disasters' Starkey- 'not only great but also admirable'
62
Foreign policy objectives (Edward, Mary, E)
Traditional (Jordan and Neale)- national security was Edward and Elizabeth's main objective but Mary's hispanophilia was harmful to national security Bush- Somerset had been a glory seeker obsessed with Scotland
63
England Elizabeth inherited
Camden/ Neale- torn apart Haigh- did not inherit such a problematic kingdom
64
Recent historians 24
Russell, Pollard, Palliser, Simpson, Adams, Alford, Durant, Fletcher, Ives, Collinson, Elton, Lee, Graves, Loach, Williams, Lake, Guy, MacCaffrey, MacCulloch, Haigh, Doran, Loades, Smith, Starkey, Tittler, Matusiak and Jones
65
Traditionalists 5
Green, Neale, Froude, Wernam and Read (Camden)

History (9 decks)

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