Edward VI Flashcards
When was the Homily on Obedience written and why?
1547 After Somerset had overthrown the Regency Council people feared the breakdown of law and order so Archbishop Cranmer formed the Homily on Obedience to be read in parish churches, which stressed the legal, moral and religious need to obey legally constituted authority
When was the 1st Book of Common Prayer created and by whom?
1549 by Archbishop Cranmer
When was the 2nd Book of Common Prayer created and by whom?
1552 by Archbishop Cranmer
Explain the factional rivalry between Somerset and his brother Thomas Seymour
Thomas had been angered as he had been left out of the Regency Council. Somerset made him Lord Admiral and Lord Seymour of Sudeley however Seymour was not satisfied. He tried to turn Edward VI against Somerset and plot with the Earl of Southampton against Somerset. Somerset had no choice but to bring treason charges against his brother.
What was Somerset’s main aim in terms of foreign policy?
To unite the crowns of England and Scotland by enforcing the marriage of Edward VI and the infant Mary Queen of Scots
In which battle did Somerset defeat the Scots and when was it?
Battle of Pinkie 1547
Why did Somerset’s foreign policies begin to fail? (4)
- The forts were expensive and difficult to garrison (provide (a place) with a group of troops) 2. The English could not capture the strategically placed castles at Dunbar and Edinburgh 3. Somerset underestimated the cooperation between Scotland and France 4. Failed to blockade the Firth of Forth properly, enabling France to relieve Edinburgh (release from duty by taking their place)
How did Somerset pay for the war? What were the pros and cons of this?
By debasing the coinage He had managed to raise £537,000 but it had heightened inflationary pressures that were already evident by Henry VIII’s death and added to the social distress.
When were the Western and Kett’s rebellion?
1549
Where was the Western Rebellion?
Cornwall and Devon
Name the three reasons for the Western Rebellion
- Religious grievances as they wanted to reverse the religious reforms 2. There was tensions as peasants and rural labourers didn’t trust landowners 3. Taxation due to Somerset’s sheep tax
Where was the Kett’s rebellion?
East Anglia
Name the three reasons for the Kett’s rebellion
- Hatred of local government officials 2. Resentment of the abuse by landowners of the norfolk foldcourse system 3. Frustration towards the maladministration locally of the Howards
Who had Somerset appointed to deal with the Kett’s rebellion?
Lord Russell, a rising noble with estates in the West Country
Which PC resented Somerset’s appointment as Lord Protector?
Earl of Southampton, leading conservative. He was arrested within a few weeks.
Therefore Southampton had a personal and religious motive to get rid of Somerset
Privy Council under Somerset opinions of religon
Majority were Reformers and all supported the break with Rome
Catholicism under Somerset
80% of population were very conservative. Catholics remained strong in the north, especially Lancashire
Northumberland economy
- Antwerp Cloth Market collapsed in 1551 meant England couldn’t rely on selling the majority of english cloth into the Netherlands
- Forced to attempt trade in Morocco
- Got rid of tax on sheep
Somerset’s economic policy
Paid for war by debasing the coinage (raised £537,000) but this caused inflation. Led to social distress (1549 rebellions) due to tax on sheep
Somerset- People and religion
Clergy in East Anglia and larger towns such as London were better educated who wanted further reform. Some even introduced services in English before they were authorized to do so.
Lower clergy wanted a traditional way of life and opposed change. 80% of population was conservative and Catholics remained strong in the north (Lancashire)
Denunciation of images
In London February 1547
Nicholas Ridely’s radical attitude supported by government. Widespread iconoclasm
Issued Injunctions
July 1547
Abolished shrines, tables, candlesticks and paintings
By when (under Edward) had most images been removed from St Paul’s Cathedral
September 1547
Dissolution of the Chantries
December 1547
Chantries, guilds and lay brotherhoods were abolished and their property was seized by the Crown. Bishops were ordered to take most important items from every parish church.
Ed needed money for foreign policy
First Book of Common Prayer issued
May 1549
Services in English rather than Latin
But could be seen as moderate as it was just an English translation of the Catholic text
People who overthrew Somerset
Warwick (Northumberland), Southampton, Arundel, Lord St John and Cranmer
Northumberland became Lord _______ in ______ and Duke of Northumberland in ________
Lord President in February 1550
Duke of Northumberland in October 1551
Who did Northumberland appoint to the Council?
Prtoestants such as Dorset and the Bishop of Ely
Who did Northumberland remove from the Council?
Southampton, Arundel (conservatives) and Paget (N’s enemy)
Northumberland Foreign Policy
Ended war with Scotland and France in Treaty of Bolougne March 1550. It was agreed that Ed would marry Elizabeth of Valouis of France
N’s Religious Policies
- Widespread removal of altars. Replaced with communion tables
- Protestants replaced conservative bishops
- 1552 Act of Uniformity enforced publication of a revised Book of Common Prayer
42 Articles of Religion
1553
Protestant nature confirmed but still ambiguous in terms of the varieties of Protestantism
N money through religion
Melted church plates for bullion
Took property from bishoprics e.g. two-thirds of the Worchester estate went to the Crown
1552 Book of Common Prayer
- Radically reformed communion service. Replaced wafer with ordinary bread. Denied act of transubstantiation
- Banned use of ‘popish’ vestments
- Restricted use of church music
Evidence that reform came from the people not S/M
- Exiles returned and further influenced beliefs (Martin Bucer)
- 31 Tracts published against Mass in 1548
- Changes depended on the local parish bishops beliefs. E.g. Ridley told his priests not to wear vestments before the Crown enforced it in 1552 CBoP
- Widespread iconoclasm before 1549. In 47, Catholic cross at St Pauls was taken down before legislation was passed by Parliament
Evidence people weren’t Protestant
- Lower clergy not in favour
- Some churches hid their paintings rather than destroyed them
- Population rejected Lady Jane Grey’s accession
- Majority still Catholic
