Foreign Policy Flashcards
Scotland objectives
- Improve relations with Scotland to defend England
- Spread Protestantism
- Secure English/Scottish border
Reasons E didn’t want to intervene in Scotland
- Didn’t want to rebel against sovereign authority
- Hated John Knox
Reasons why Cecil wanted to intervene in Scotland
- Sympathised with Scottish Protestants
- England would be securer without France invading just north of the border
- Wanted to remove Mary
- Wanted Scotland to be part of a wider ‘imperial’ British state (which would be necessary for Protestant survival)
Cecil’s actions regarding Scotland
Most of the Council, and E, did not want to intervene but he got his way by threatening to resign if E failed to support him
Details of aid towards Scotland
At first only supplied weaponry and money but after the Treaty of Berwick in 1560, an army was sent
Treaty of Edinburgh
July 1560
French troops withdrew from Scotland and Mary was forced to return to Scotland.
Lords of the Congregation became provisional government
Protestant politicians that Mary relied on
Maitland and the Earl of Moray
Mary’s marriage to Darnley and result
1565
Position of Moray, Maitland and other Protestant politicians were weakened and Moray fled to England. Reduced English influence in the Scottish Court.
Their marriage soon collapsed which led to a coup and Mary fled to England, where she was kept under house arrest
Moray assassinated
1570
Short civil war took place between Mary’s supporters and Protestant supporters of James
Why did E not want to intervene in Scotland the second time?
1570
- Did not want to cause offence towards the French at a time when Anglo-Spanish relations were worsening
- She was still considering restoring Mary to the Scottish throne
Details of the second intervention in Scotland
Northern rebels joined Mary’s supporters, causing trouble on the border.
E sent troops to Scotland under Sussex. initially successful but M’s supporters continued to attack the border. This forced Sussex to openly support the Protestants and send his troops to Edinburgh. This infuriated Charles IX of France who threatened war. E ordered Sussex to withdraw.
Details of the third intervention in Scotland
July 1570
Mary’s supporters challenged James yet again. Mary’s followers reopened negotiations for French support so e invaded Scottish territory once more. Successful as rebels were abandoned and gave up without a fight
Spain objectives
- Break Spanish monopoly on American trade
- Defend England
- Protestant foreign policy
Hawkins attempted to break Spanish trading monopoly in the Caribbean
September 1568
His fleet blockaded the Spanish in the mexican port of San Juan de Ulua, and only two of his ships were able to escape
Examples of increasing tension between england and spain
7
- Hawkins attempt to break Spanish trading monopoly in the Caribbean in 1568
- 1560s issue in the netherlands
- Nov 68 took bullion from Spanish ships. De Spes (Spanish ambassador) encouraged Alba to seize English ships and property in the netherlands. As a result, Anglo-Spanish and Anglo-Dutch trade temporarily stopped
- Philip offered encouragement to the rebels of 69 and showed enthusiasm to the Ridolfi plot
- E assisted Don Antonio and supported his attack on the Azores (Portugal) in 1580
- E knighted Francis Drake which irritated the Spanish
- E supported the ill treatment of the Spanish ambassador at court
How many florins (gold coins) were the Spanish vessels carrying in November 1568 and where were they borrowed from?
400,000 florins
Genoese
Improved trade under E
- Muscovy Company was incorporated in 1555 to trade with russia and northern Europe
- Growing trade in Morocco
Why was the Armada defeated?
- Weak strategy. Dutch blockaded many of Parma’s troops. Parma didn’t control enough of the coastline
- Death of Marquis of Santa Cruz. Replaced by Duke of Medina Sidonia who lacked experience at sea
- England’s strategic decisions. 8th August three Spanish ships were sunk and three others were driven ashore, where they were taken by the waiting dutch
- Favourable winds
Results of Spanish Armada
- Spain had 130 ships but only 67 returned and over 20,000 Spanish soldiers and sailors were killed
- England lost no ships and only 100 men in battle
How long was the war with Spain?
16 years
Expedition to Portugal date, aims and details
1589
- destroy whatever remained of the spanish armada
- place Don Antonio on the portuguese throne
- secure the Azores
- intercept Spanish vessels from America carrying treasure
Disaster. Poor command, lack of artillery, drunkenness and disease
Cost £50,000 and 11-19,000 lives
Fact showing usefulness of privateers
236 vessels operated between 89-91
1589 Expeditions
Led by Cumberland and Frobisher who managed to gain profits and damage Spanish ships
Failed expeditions
1590 1591 1593 1595 Arguably 1596
Expedition of 1595
Three attacks on Spain and its overseas colonies. England’s main interest was Panama-lots of treasure.
Failed as Drake and Hawkins both died before they reached Panama
Expedition of 1596
Raleigh, Howard and Essex managed to seize Cadiz and sink four galleons. But only small victory as they merely looted Cadiz so investors lost money. More could have been achieved
Successful expeditions
1592 Captured treasure ship ‘Madre de Dios’
Expedition on 98
Cumberland, with 18 ships and 1,000 soldiers, took Puerto Rico easily but failed to hold it as large proportion of soldiers had died due to epidemic of dysentery
France objectives
- Improve relations in order to have an ally against Spain
- Regain Calais
- Protestant foreign policy
Intervention in France in 62
March 1562 massacre of Protestants by Duke of Guise at Vassy.
E promised the huguenot leader the Prince of Conde 6,000 men and a loan of £30,000. But Huguenot army was defeated and Conde was captured. On the Catholic side, Duke of Guise was assassinated.
With both sides leaderless they agreed to peace terms in the Treaty of Troyes in 64, and united to drive the English out.
St Bartholomew’s Massacre
23rd-24th of August 1572
At Henri de Navarre and Marguerite de Valois’s wedding thousands of Huguenots (between 5,000-30,000) were murdered.
England was forced to continue good relations with France due to deteriorating relation with Spain, so didn’t get involved.
E’s actions to France in the 1570s
Communicated with both Crown and huguenots
Marriage negotiation with Anjou 78-81. E used public
opinion as excuse to call off marriage.
But also authorised the sending of arms to the Huguenots and allowed Comte de Montgomery to acquire 7 ships. 2,000 sailors carried munitions supplied by the Queen
Anjou expedition to the Netherlands
1582
Attempt to take the city of Antwerp failed and he was forced out of the Netherlands
War in France details
89 assassination of Henry III of France meant Henry IV succeeded.
Paris and many other cities were controlled by the Catholic League. He asked for E’s help and reluctantly she raised 3,600 troops. He regained most of northern France but in 1590 he feared an invasion from the Duke of Parma so asked for more financial and military aid from E. They succeeded and were able to destroy the Spanish fortress of Crozon.
Henry’s reliance on E worsened their relationship
Netherlands objectives
- Ensure that neither Spain nor France gained power in the Netherlands
- Wanted the Netherlands to become autonomous
- Minimal cost
- Protect trade
- Protect Protestantism
Sea Beggars
1572
E expelled Dutch pirates, licensed by William of Orange, from English ports. They were forced to land in the Dutch port of Brielle. They started a revolt against high taxation of the Duke of Alba.
E refused to intervene, possibly due to failure of intervention in France. Didn’t listen to PC who wanted her to intervene to protect Protestantism
Intervention in Netherlands in early 70s
E refused to intervene, possibly due to failure of intervention in France. Didn’t listen to PC who wanted her to intervene to protect Protestantism.
She only offered the rebels English soldiers and prevented English recruitment to Alba’s service.
Spanish Fury
Nov 76
Spanish troops murdered and stole goods in Antwerp
Pacification of Ghent
All the provinces in the Netherlands produced it, excluding all foreign troops and the restoration of the provinces autonomy.
Elizabeth’s promise to the Dutch rebels after Spain returned to the Netherlands
Promised Dutch Estates-General £100,000 as well as military support should the French try to invade, informing Philip that she would help the rebels if he didn’t accept the Pacification of Ghent.
But in the end she did not help the rebels as she didn’t trust them and feared a war with Spain. Instead she hired German mercenaries from the Palatinate to fight on behalf of the rebels
Two Unions in the Netherlands
Union of Utrecht (1579)- North and Protestant
Union of Arras- South and Catholic
situation in Netherlands after 1580
- Henry III of France refused to join anti-Spanish alliance due to fear of stirring up Catholic opinion
- Anjou’s campaign was a disaster
- Parma reconquered huge amount of the Netherlands, leaving only Holland and Zeeland
- Rebels inspirational leader William of Orange had bee assassinated
After the Treaty of Nonsuch
E attempted to negotiate peace with Parma but in the end she sent troops to the Netherlands, under the command of Leicester
Why was Leicester’s expedition in the Netherlands a disaster?
- English commanders quarrelled with themselves
- Leicester quarrelled with the Dutch
- English officers, Stanley and Yorke, joined Parma and presented him with the towns of Zutphen and Deventer.
Leicester then attempted a coup d’etat, leading the Dutch to wrongly assume that E wanted to takeover the netherlands
Victory and failure in the Netherlands in 1588
-Victory at Bergen-op-Zoom (Netherlands) 1588 led by Willoughby
Killed 200 and imprisoned 400
-Failure at Geertruidenberg
Willoughby was replaced by
De Vere who worked well with the Dutch leader Nassau. Together they took back Zutphen, Deventer and Nijmegen
Result of Netherlands
By 1594, the Spanish had been expelled from the north and the north had become an independent state. South remained under Spain sovereignty but were slightly autonomous
How much spent on war with Netherlands?
£750,000
Ireland objectives
- Spread protestantism
- Have greater control over Ireland
- Defensive policy
Tyrone’s motivation for war
- culture
- personal ambition
- religion
Defeat in Ireland
Battle of Yellow Ford august 1598
Essex
E sent him to Ireland and disobeyed E, making a truce with Tyrone rather than confront him. Essex then returned to court. As soon as the truce expired, Tyrone moved south in hope of meeting up with a spanish army
Successes in ireland after Essex
Carew and Mountjoy recaptured most of Munster and forced Tyrone back into Munster
England was victorious and negotiated peace in 1603, by which point E was dead
