Dates and Figures Flashcards
Marquis of hertford (Duke of Somerset) appointed Lord Protector
1547
Somerset enforces enclosures
1548
Execution of Sir Thomas Seymour
1549
Act of Uniformity
1549
First Book of Common Prayer issued
May 1549
Services in English rather than Latin
But could be seen as moderate as it was just an English translation of the Catholic text
Western Rebellion
1549
Book of Common Prayer was a catalyst
Kett’s Rebellion
1549
Fall of Somerset
1549
Earl of Warwick (Duke of Northumberland) made Lord President of the Council
February 1550
Second Act of Uniformity passed
1552
Revised Book of Common Prayer issued
1552
Forty-Two Articles of Religion
1553
‘Devise’ to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne
1553
Denunciation of images in London (Edward)
February 1547
Nicholas Ridely’s radical attitude supported by government. Widespread iconoclasm
Issued injunctions (Edward)
July 1547
Abolished shrines, tables, candlesticks and paintings
By when (under Edward) had most images been removed from St Paul’s Cathedral
September 1547
Dissolution of Chantries
December 1547
Chantries, guilds and lay brotherhoods were abolished and their property was seized by the Crown. Bishops were ordered to take most important items from every parish church.
Ed needed money for foreign policy
Pope appointed papal legate (representative) to England
1553
Wyatt’s Rebellion
January 1554
Execution of Lady Jane Grey
1554
Marriage of Mary and Philip II of Spain
25th July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral
Heresy Act: beginning of burnings of heretics
February 1555
Harvest failure under Mary
1555-1556
Execution of Cranmer
1556
Mary joined war against France
June 1557 after Stafford invaded England and seized Scarborough Castle. Previously Councillors had not wanted to go to war as it would jeopardise French trade
Pole’s legatine commission revoked by Pope Paul IV
1557
Meant he could no longer act directly on behalf of the Pope
Influenza epidemic under Mary
1557
Loss of Calais
January 1558
Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis between France and Spain
April 1559
Between Spain and France to end war over Italy.
France would retain Calais for 8 years
Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy passed under Elizabeth
1559
Issue of royal injunctions
1559
Elizabeth send troops to the Protestant Lords of the Congregations in Scotland
1559
Treaty of Edinburgh
July 1560
French troops were withdrawn from Scotland and the Lords of the Congregation were accepted as a provisional government
Elizabeth falls ill with smallpox
1562
Elizabeth sends military support for French Huguenots
1562
Thirty-Nine Articles
1563
First time Elizabeth is pressed to marry by Parliament
1563
Treaty of Troyes between England and France
April 1564
Lost protection she had gained in the Cateau-Cambresis and lost Calais permanently
The Convocations
1563
Vestment controversy
1564-66
Second time Elizabeth is pressured to marry by Parliament
1567
Mary Queen of Scots is forced to abdicate (resign)
1567
First Catholic priests trained at Douai arrive in England
1574
Marriage negotiations between Elizabeth and the Duke of Alencon
1578-81
Arrival of first missionary in England
1580
Mary Queen of Scots flees from Scotland to England
1567
Leaves James as King
English Catholic College founded in Douai by William Allen
1568
Clashes between Spanish fleet and English fleet under John Hawkins at San Juan de Ulua
September 1568
Elizabeth seizes Spanish bullion ships seeking shelter in English ports
November 1568
Northern Rebellion
November 1569 - January 1570
Elizabeth excommunicated by Pope Pius V
1570
Ridolfi Plot
1571
Treaty of Blois
1572
Between England and France
Guy-‘defensive league’ against Spain. France then abandoned their support that Mary Stuart should be Queen of England
Duke of Norfolk executed for treason
1572
St Bartholomew’s Massacre of French Protestants
23rd-24th of August 1572
Cartwright and Field begin campaign to reform the organisation of the English Church
1572
John Whitgift appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
1583
Throckmorton Plot
1583
Expulsion of Spanish ambassador
1584
Assassination of William of Orange, leader of the Dutch rebels against Spain
1584
Bond of Association
1584
‘Bill and Book’ proposals by Presbyterians
1584
Treaty of Joinville
1584
Alliance between Philip II and the French Catholic League
Treaty of Nonsuch
1585
Alliance between English and Dutch.
Elizabeth turned down offer of supreme ruler of the United Provinces but agreed to send 6,400 soldiers and 1,000 cavalry
Parry Plot
1585
Act against Jesuits and Seminary Priests
1585
Treaty of Berwick (Second-there were two treaties of Berwick)
1586
Elizabeth and James VI of Scotland pledge friendship
Babington Plot
1586
Queen Mary of Scotland convicted of involvement in the Babington Plot
1586
Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
8th February 1587
Successful attack on Spanish fleet at Cadiz
1596
‘Bill and book’ reintroduced in House of Commons by Anthony Cope
1587
Spanish Armada defeated
1588
Death of Leicester
September 1588
Publication of first ‘Martin Marprelate’ tracts
1588
Portuguese expedition
1589
Death of Walsingham
1590
Death of Hatton
1591
Robert Cecil promoted to Privy Council
1591
Beginning of Tyrone Rebellion
1594
First series of bad harvests under Elizabeth
1594
Appointment of Robert Cecil as Secretary of State
1596
Worst harvest of the century
1596
Poor Law passed and initiated
1597, initiated in 98
1st Parliament issue over monopolies
1597
Azores Expedition
1580
1597
Death of Lord Burghley
1598
Defeat of the Bagenal at the Battle of Yellow Ford
1598
Essex returns from Ireland
1599
Essex Rebellion
8th February 1601
Essex’s execution
25th February 1601
Revised Poor Law passed
1601
2nd Parliament issue over monopolies
1601
Surrender of Tyrone
1603
End of war against Spain
1604
Under Elizabeth 4 priests were executed in _____ and 11 in ____
1581 and 1582
123 Priests were executed from _____ to _____
1586- 1603
11 secular priests arrived in England
1575
100 secular priests arrived in England
1580
The recusancy law was tightened
1587
In Lancashire 800 Catholics were presented at the Courts and only 11 had ever paid recusancy fines
1592
Act of Parliament meant that Catholics had to stay within 5 miles of their homes
1593
53 priests and 35 lay persons were executed between _____ and _____
1590 and 1603
Death of Henry II of France due to jousting accident
June 1559
Death of Francis II (Mary’s husband)
1561
Capture of Treasure ship ‘Madre de Dios’
1592
Drake gets £40,000 profit
Failed plundering expedition of Drake and Hawkins in the West Indies
1595
Unsuccessful expedition in Spain led by Cumberland and Frobisher
1590
Massacre of a congregation of Huguenots in France
March 1562
English troops sent to French Huguenot, Comte de Montgommery, to acquire 7 ships in England for the relief of the Huguenot port, La Rochelle
Early 1573
Spain annexed Portugal
1580
Elizabeth expelled Dutch pirates from English ports
1572
Pacification of Ghent
November 1576
Spanish returned to the Netherlands
1577
Tyrone rose up against Elizabeth
1595
Rebels seized Durham in the Northern Rebellion
14th of November 1569
How many Scottish villages were burnt by Elizabeth in the Northern Rebellion?
300
How many troops and rebels were in the Northern Rebellion?
Sussex had 7,000 men against 4,600 rebels
How many men did Somerset have in the Kett’s Rebellion?
12,000, including Italian mercenaries
How many rebels were in the Kett’s Rebellion?
16,000
How many rebels were in the Western Rebellion? Who were they?
6,000
Farmers, tin miners or fishermen
How many rebels were in the Wyatt’s Rebellion?
4,000
How many rebels does Elton say were executed after the Northern Rebellion? And Fletcher?
Elton- 800
Fletcher- less than 450
Henry VIII’s war with Scotland and France had cost England _____
£2,134,784
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
September 1547
How many Sottish and English troops were in the Battle of Pinkie?
Scottish- 23,000
English- 36,000
How much had the war with Scotland and France cost under Somerset?
£1 million
By debasing the coinage, how much money did Somerset raise?
£537,000
In 1547, how much of the English population was Catholic?
80%
How much debt had Somerset left?
£250,000
How much money did England receive by ending the Scottish/French war (France’s payment for the return of Boulogne)?
£133,333
When did Northumberland debase the coinage and what were shillings valued at?
8th of July 1551 shillings were valued at 9p rather than 12p
Collapse of the Antwerp Cloth Market
1551
How many tracts were published against Mass and when? (Somerset)
1548
at least 31
Edward VI fell ill with tuberculosis
February 1553
Parliament refused to hold a Coronation for Philip II
1555
How many Protestants were exiled under Mary and where did they go?
800 to Frankfurt, Geneva and Zurich
Under Mary, when was a bill to seize emigrated Protestants refused as most voted against against it?
1555
Marian Book of Rates
1558
Marian Book of Rates increased customs recipients by _____
75%
Mary spent ____on the navy and built __ new ships
£14,000
6
How many heretics were burnt under Mary?
289
237 men and 52 women
How many burnings were in London?
60
Elizabeth chose Cook (Cecil’s man) over Bacon (Essex’s man)
1596
How many acts were passed by Parliament throughout Elizabeth’s reign?
439
How many new borough seats were introduced throughout Elizabeth’s reign in Parliament? Significance?
62
Ensured employment of the Crown’s supporters. Also an example of patronage
Estimated that ____ clergymen left there posts because they refused to take the Oath of Supremacy
2000
Fine for those who didn’t attend Church under Elizabeth
A shilling (5p)
Under Elizabeth, how many Protestant exiles eventually became bishops?
17 out of 27 bishops
What percentage of senior clergy in York completely approved of Elizabeth’s royal supremacy?
23%
Pope forbade English Catholics from attending church services under Elizabeth
1566
Famous martyr Edmund Campion hung, drawn and quartered
1581
Lancashire recusant, Thomas Tresham owed ____
£1,000
Which ports did the Spanish vessels seek shelter in November 1568
Devon and Cornwall
How many florins (gold coins) were the Spanish vessels carrying in November 1568 and where were they borrowed from?
400,000 florins
Genoese
How many ships did Spain have at the start and end of the Armada?
130 ships initially but only 67 returned
How many Spanish sailors and soldiers were killed in the Armada?
20,000
How many ships and men did England lose in the Armada
No ships
100 men
How many English sailors died from typhus during the Armada?
1,000 to possibly 7,000
How much would France have to pay to England if they didn’t return Calais? (Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis)
500,000 crowns (£125,000)
What did Elizabeth promise the Huguenot leader, the Prince of Conde in 1562?
6,000 men and a loan of £30,000
How many were murdered in St Bartholomew’s Massacre?
Between 5,000 and 30,000
How many troops did Elizabeth raise for Henry IV of France in 1589?
3,600
Victory at Bergen-op-Zoom (Netherlands) led by ___
1588 led by Willoughby
Cost of the war in the Netherlands between 89-94
£750,000 between 1589-1594
Who died in 1590
Walsingham, Croft, Leicester’s brother the Earl of Warwick, and the Earl of Shrewsbury
Battle of Dussindale (Kett’s)
How many rebels were killed?
25th August
3,000
How many of Kett’s articles were religious and what did they say?
7 articles and they wanted better trained (Protestant) priests
When was William Body killed? By whom and why?
15th April 1548
By William Kylter and Pascoe Trevain.
It was Body’s task, appointed by Somerset, to collect Catholic ornaments in Cornwall but he desecrated them, causing offence
How many rebels and troops were killed in the Western Rebellion?
at least 2,000 rebels and 300 troops
around 5,500 killed in total
How many rebels in the Wyatt Rebellion?
4,000
Evidence Northern Rebellion was caused by religious factors and when
14th November 1569
Richard Norton carried the Five Wounds banner (Catholic) into Durham Cathedral to show religious conservatism
Reconstitution of the Council of the North and significance
1572, placed under the control of the Earl of Huntingdon, a strong Protestant and an outsider with no local ties
Who were supporters of Essex? How many supporters did Cecil have?
Essex had 2- Rogers and Knolleys
Cecil had 11
How much was Essex in debt?
£16,000
When was there huge price inflation due to war with Scotland and France?
1540-1560
Treaty of Boulogne
March 1550
Ended war with Scotland and France. Arranged marriage between Edward and Elizabeth of Valois (Henry II’s eldest daughter)
How many tracts were published against Mass and when?
31 in 1548
When was the Catholic cross at St Paul’s removed and why was this significant?
1547, it was removed before legislation was passed in Parliament. Shows extent of people’s Protestantism
Bad harvests under Mary
1555-1558
How many MP’s voted against the repeal of Edward’s religious laws under Mary
80
When was the deprivation of married clergy and what happened?
Autumn 1553
Over 1/4 of parish clergy in London and Norwich were deprived of their posts but some were reinstated when they gave up their wives
MP’s petitioned for Roman jurisdiction (the official power to make legal decisions and judgements) under Mary
1554
MP’s agreed to repeal all acts against the Pope which had been passed under Edward
1554
Parliament had been reluctant to introduce heresy laws from ___ to ___
April to May 1554
Famous victims that were burned under Mary
Archbishop Cranmer and Bishop Hooper
Main areas where the burnings took place
The South-west
London, Kent, Sussex and Essex
When was Pole’s legatine synod and what did it do?
1556-7
Bishops had to permanently live in their administrative areas
When and where was Mass sung before Mary became Queen?
Lancashire in 1553
Essex appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
1599
Elizabeth’s intervention in Scotland
1559-1560
Plans for the Anjou marriage
1579
When was Thomas Cecil appointed President of the Council of the North
1599
Act of Seditious Sectaries
1593
Imposed severe penalties on those who refused to conform to the Church
Elizabeth was forced to abandon her plan to fine recusants proportionate to their wealth. Bill was heavily changed by MP Raleigh
When did Parliament vote for less than to subsidies requested?
1601
Golden Speech
30th November 1601
Act of Safety passed by Parliament
1585
Death of Amy Dudley
1560
Conveniently fell down the stairs
Thirty- Nine Articles
1563
The Thirty- Nine Articles were not given legal force until
1571
When did bishops petition to remove Catholic elements and what were these elements? Significance?
1563
Remove the sign of the cross during the baptism ceremony and holy days.
It was only defeated by 1 vote, shows Puritan strength
Parker’s ‘Advertisements’ and what it did
1564
Laid down the rules for the conduct of services. One compromise was that clergy could wear a surplice rather than a cope for communion.
In London, 37 clergy refused and were deprived of their posts
Puritans prophesying
1570s
When did William Strickland introduced a bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer and what did he propose?
1571
Remove all Catholic practices
He was removed by Parliament
Admonitions to the Parliament
1572
Criticised Church structure, doctrine and the continuation of Catholic priests
Presbyterianism movement emerged
1580s
Who were executed due to the Act of Seditious Sectaries?
Separatist leaders Henry Barrow and John Greenwood
Whitgift’s appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury and significance
1583
His Three Articles forced Puritans to conform or be deprived of their living. 300-400 clergy were removed from their office
Attempted coup by Thomas Seymour
1548
Harvest failure under Edward
1551
First Act against Catholics
1571
Publication of papal bulls or bringing them into the kingdom was treasonable
Second Act passed against Catholics
1581
Saying Mass was punished by heavy fine and imprisonment. The fine was raised to £20 per month but fines were imposed selectively so most Catholics were not seriously threatened.
Act against Jesuits and Seminary priests
1585
Treasonable for any of the Pope’s priests to enter England
How much did the portuguese expedition cost in money and lives?
£50,000
11-19,000 lives
How many proclamations and injunctions did Somerset issue in 3 years?
76
Who did Northumberland expel and who replaced him?
Arundel replaced by his friend Graves
Mary’s Speech at Guildhall
1554
How many plans were made to overthrow Mary
4 but Wyatt’s was the only one put into effect
Lambeth Articles
1595
Treaty of Berwick (first)
February 1560
Between England and Lords of the Congregation. England would send troops to expel the French troops from Scotland
Union of Utrecht
1579
Brings together 7 northern provinces in the United Provinces
Somerset’s war with Scotland cost _____
£580,000
How many chantries were removed due to the Chantries Act?
2,374
In 1547, how many tracts were written against Catholics?
21
Protestent centres during Somerset’ reign?
South East and London
Where was the Western Rebellion?
Devon and Cornwall
How many demands of the Western Rebellion were religious?
11/16
Who were the people outside the Council that Mary took advice from?
Spanish ambassador, Simon Renard
Cousin, Charles V (Holy Roman Empire)
Husband, Philip II
Bishop Gardiner
What proportion of the burnings were in Southern England and East Anglia?
2/3
Who were the majority of people burned?
Women and laymen
Evidence of Protestantism during the burnings
Crowds would wear white in order to sympathise with the victims and in Suffolk, Cranmer would escort the victims to the stake
How much debt had Mary left by the end of her reign?
£300,000
Same as it was in 1551
Mary fled to _____ due to the ‘Devise’
East Anglia
Very Protestant but they still supported her
Somerset’s Title and Northumberland’s Title
Somerset- Lord Protector
Northumberland- Lord President
Which two bishops refuse to wear vestments (under Northumberland) before the 1552 Book of Common Prayer?
Hooper and Raleigh
Northumberland stopped debasing the coinage in ___
1550
Plans for Essex rebellion
December 1600 but leaked to Cecil
Number of Parliamentary sessions throughout Elizabeth’s reign?
13
How many rebels were executed in the Northern Rebellion?
900
In the Northern Rebellion, what proportion of the instigators were Catholic?
3/4
Spanish Fury
1576
Murdering rampage in Antwerp
Anjou heads into Netherlands against Spanish
1582
English loss at Geertruidenberg (Netherlands)
1588
Willoughby is replaced by _____
De Vere.
De Vere works well with the Prince of Nassau (Prince of Orange)
Which years do De Veer and Nassau take key towns in the Netherlands? Which key towns?
88-94
Zutphen, Deventer and Nijmegen
Creation of autonomous northern Netherlands
1594
Duke of Alba (Spain) was replaced by _____
Parma
Santa Cruz’s death (very good Spanish sailor) and replacement
Died in February 1588
Replaced by inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia
Public/private partnership
1588
Private expeditions who would gain personal profit, whilst benefitting England/Elizabeth
Provides war on the cheap
How much had been spent on foreign policy by 1603?
£1,419,596
Expelled Dutch Sea Beggars
1572
Dutch pirates, licensed by William of Orange (Netherlands nobleman) expelled from English ports so they were forced to land in the Dutch port of Brielle
When did the Spanish return to the Netherlands and what did Elizabeth do?
1577, year after the Pacification of Ghent
Elizabeth promised the Dutch Estates General £100,000 and military support if the French tried to invade the Netherlands. But she did not actually help them due to fear of war with Spain and lack of trust towards the rebels.
What did Elizabeth do instead of sending military support and money, as promised, to the Dutch Estates General in 77?
She hired German mercenaries from the Palatinate to fight on the behalf of the rebels
3 things Elizabeth did in the early 80s to annoy the Spanish
- supported the Portuguese pretender Don Antonio
- knighted Francis Drake in 81
- supported the mistreatment of the Spanish ambassador at Court
Leicester’s expedition to the Netherlands
December 1585
Philip II persuades Pope not to excommunicate Elizabeth
1557
Hawkins attempted to break Spanish trading monopoly in the Caribbean
September 1568
His fleet blockaded the Spanish in the mexican port of San Juan de Ulua, and only two of his ships were able to escape
Duke of Alba (Spain) goes to Netherlands
1566
Mary Queen of Scots marriage to Darnley
1565
Subsidies granted by Parliament
All but two were granted throughout her reign
Peter Wentworth
Commons ordered his imprisonment when he suggested freedom of speech in 76 and 87
How many MP’s were there by 1603?
55
Increasingly small and under E’s control
Parliament petition regarding marriage
1563
Signed by 8 PC’s
1567
Cecil drafted petition with many MP’s signatures
Turner
1584 Bill for a Presbyterian structure
Parliament refused to listen to him
Stafford Plot
1587
Walsingham manufactured plot to make E decide to execute Mary
Issue over monopolies
In parliamentary sessions in 98 and 01
Parliament succeeded in forcing Elizabeth to agree on the most unpopular monopolies. She promised to cancel some monopolies and suspend others
Golden Speech
1601
Cost of war with Spain
£4 million
Influenza epidemic under Mary
1556-58
Improved trade under E
- Muscovy Company was incorporated in 1555 to trade with russia and northern Europe
- Growing trade in Morocco
