Histopathology: Vascular and Cardiac Pathology (Just Cardiac) Flashcards
Most common CHD?
VSD: Ventricular septal defects
VSD: increased risk of ____?
VSD: increased risk of infective endocarditis
-Larger VSD: causes increased volume load on the left and symptoms of _________?
-Larger VSD: causes increased volume load on the left and symptoms of cardiac failure
Patent Ductus Arteriosus is assocaited with what cardiac pathologies?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Infective endocarditis
Patent Ductus Arteriosus is associated with an increased risk of _____________?
Infective endocarditis
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is associated with what cardiac condition
Atrial septal defect (ASD) is associated with Atrial arrhythmias.
/////////////////////////////////////
also associated with infective endocarditits (Since all CHDs are)
What is a complete AVSD?
A Combination of low ASD and High VSD
/////////////////////////////
(Atrioventricular septal defect)
Most common CHD in Children with Down’s Syndrome?
Atrioventricular septal defect
- Pulmonary stenosis
- VSD
- Overriding aorta
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
Tetralogy of Fallot
Great arteries swapped. Associated with a defect that mixes oxy and deoxy blood, otherwise, transposition of great arteries is incompatible with life.
What condition is this?
Transposition of the great arteries
PDA allows volume to flow to lower body, but as this closes, there is a limit to the delivery of blood to lower body, with upper extremity hypertension. What condition is this?
Coarctication of the aorta
Tend to function well at birth and go undetected. Develope calcific aortic stenosis or regurgitation. Increased risk of aortic dissection. What condition is this?
Bicuspid aortic valves
Recurrent transient episodes of chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia. What is this condition?
Angina Pectoris
Severe acute myocardial ischaemia without myocardial infarction. What is this condition?
Unstable angina
Partial thickness necrosis of an area of the myocardium. Due to coronary artery atherosclerosis. What is this condition?
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Full thickness necrosis of an area of the myocardium. What is this condition?
ST-elevation myocardial infarction
A syndrome resulting from insufficient left ventricular output. What is this condition?
Left ventricular failure (LVF)
A syndrome resulting from insufficient right ventricular output. What is this condition?
Right ventricular failure (RVF)
Chest pain, syncope and breathelessness. Most common valve disease. What is this condtion?
Aortic stenosis
Breathelessness and palpitations presentation. Valve disease caused by diseases which dilate the aortic root (Eg Marfan’s syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis). What is this condition?
Aortic regurgitation.
Pulmonary oedema and breathelessness presentation. Usually the result of chronic rehumatic valvular disease. Associated with atrial fibrillation. What condition is this?
Mitral Stenosis
Valvular disease usually due to mitral valve prolapse or ischaemic heart disease. Often asymptomatic but eventually developes into LVF. What is this condition?
Mitral regurgitation
Myocardial biopsy: Myocyte hypertrophy, myocyte disarray and interstitial fibrosis. Most likely diagnosis?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
///////////////////////////
*Key histology here*
Cardiac pathology associated with Beta-myosin heavy chain mutations. What condition is this?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
The interventricular septum thickens so much that is causes an obstruction of outflow of blood from the heart. What condition is this?
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
Presentation of breathlessness, fatigue and palpitations. Progressive loss of myocytes. Has genetic causes: Haemochromatosis, Fabry’s disease, McArdle’s disease. What is this condition?
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
/////////////////
Also associated with thrombus formation?
Diastolic dysfunction. Quiet heart sounds, raised JVP with Kussmaul’s sign, ascites, hepatomegaly, oedema. Caused by sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, radiation induced fibrosis. What is this condition?
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
//////////////////////////////////////////////
Presentations are similar to
- (Constrictive pericarditis pres)
- (RVF pres)
Myocyte loss with fibrofatty replacement, normally affecting the right ventricle. What is this condition?
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
Pathogenic organisms infecting a structurally normal heart. Usually caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. Presents with fever and signs of valve damage. Major systemic embolisms can occur. What condition is this?
Left Sided Acute Endocarditis
Pathogenic organisms infecting a structurally normal heart. Usually caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. Presents with fever and signs of valve damage. Also, chills and pulmonary symptoms. What condition is this?
Right sided acute endocarditis
Weaker organisms, infecting a structurally abnormal heart. Most commonly due to Streptococcus Viridans or Enterococci. Presents with low grade fever and constitutional symptoms.
Subacute endocarditis
//////////////////////////////////
Diagnosis often goes missed
Histopathology: vegetations composed of a mixture of fibrin inflammatory cells and bacterial colonies which are usually gram +ve cocci. Most likely diagnosis?
Infective endocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium, unrelated to ischaemia (Mostly due to infection). Most common organism involved: Coxsackie virus. Myocyte injury, causing necrosis and inflammation. Presents: Mild, flu-like illness. Severe, myocardial infarction like presentation. Severe cases can cause. What is this condition?
Myocarditis
Many causes. Mainly caused by infection (Coxsackie virus) full-thickness MI, severe renal failure (uraemic pericarditis). Presents as chest pain alleviated by sitting forward. Pericardium is infiltrated by inflammatory cells, often with fibrin deposition. Malignant cells may be seen in malignant infiltration
pericarditis
//////////////////
Inflammation of the pericardium.
