histopathology of cancer

Question 1

neoplasia means

Answer 1

new growth

monoclonal proliferation to form a tumour

Question 2

cancer is a

Answer 2

malignant neoplasm

Question 3

choristoma

Answer 3

tumour composed of normal cells/tissues in abnormal place

Question 4

harmatoma

Answer 4

tumour composed of disorganised growth of different cell types

Question 5

teratoma

Answer 5

tumour composed of derivatives of all three embryological layers

Question 6

dysplasia is

Answer 6

abnormal growth,

Question 7

dysplasia can also be a precursor for

Answer 7

malignant neoplasms

Question 8

what do malignant neoplams have potential todo

Answer 8

spread/metastasise

Question 9

difference between malignant and benign neoplasms

Answer 9

benign tumours cannot metastasise

Question 10

borderline neoplasms

Answer 10

uncertain malignant neoplasm

Question 11

difference in resemblance of neoplasms to original cells

Answer 11

malignant cells poor resemblence

benign cells close resemblence

Question 12

atrchitecture of tumour cells

Answer 12

malignant are irregular/haphazard growth pattern

benign- normal

Question 13

principles of carciogenesis

Answer 13

initiation
classes of normal genes damaged in carcinogenesis
clonal expression]driver mutations
darwinian selection

Question 14

initiation is

Answer 14

non lethal genetic damage to a cell e.g: point mutation
translocation
deletion
gene amplifications
polysomy

Question 15

classes of cells damaged in carciogenesis

Answer 15

proto oncogenes- growth promoting

tumour supressor genes (growth inhibiting)

genes regulating apoptosis

genes involved in DNA repair

Question 16

clonal expansion is

Answer 16

single precursor cell whcih has acquired non lethal damage to dna, divdes to form neoplasm

Question 17

driver mutations and epigenetic modifications

Answer 17

accumulation of complementary mutations and epigenetic modifications required for carciogenesis.

Question 18

driver mutations are

Answer 18

loss of function mutations in genes that maintain genomic intenegrity

Question 19

Darwinian selection

Answer 19

teh tumours who are the fittest cancer cell will outgrow others

Question 20

mechanisms of cancer spread

Answer 20

local invasion
latrogenic implantation
metastatic spread- lymphatics
bloodstream
perineurally
by fluid

Question 21

diagnosis for cancer

Answer 21

history
exam
investigation

Question 22

investigations

Answer 22

blood test
imaging
cytology/histology

Question 23

histology samples?

Answer 23

forceps biopsy (skin surface)
core biopsy (deeper lesions/ CT)
incision (fibre optic endoscopic imaging)

radial surgical resection