Acute Leukemia Flashcards
2 types
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
ALL
ALL common in
AML common in
ALL- children
AML- old age
AML/ALL does what
Interferes with development and function of healthy white/red/platelet
Blood cells leave bone marrow then
Go to blood or organs like liver or spleen
Acute leukaemia occurs due to
Translocations
Mutation I. Precursor blood cells
12+21 or
9+22
Translocations cause
Abnormal proteins affecting function and cell division
Important subtype or leukaemia
15:17
Acute promylecyytic leukaemia
Affects retenoic acid receptor and gene which disrupts cell division
Myeloblasts differentiate into
Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Monocytes
Lymphoblast differentiates into
Pre T cell
Or pre B cell
Myelodysplaatic syndrome is
Defective maturation of myeloid cells
Build up of blasts
<20% blasts
When blasts go over 20% in myelodysplastic syndrome it becomes
AML
What else is related to AML/ ALL
Downs and radiation
A true leukaemia cause what kind of mutation
Lose ability to differentiate
Stay in the blast stage
Don’t function effectively
Other cells are crowded out causing cyptopenia
Uncontrollable growing blast cells do what next
Travel in blood and setttle in organs (liver,spleen,thymus, lymph nodes) and cause these to enlarge
In acute promyelocytic leukemia promyelocytes cause what
Activate the clotting process and cause coagulation
Symptoms of ALL AND AML
Fatigue Easier bleeding Abdominal fullness Infections Pain in lymph nodes Pain and tenderness in bones
Which symptoms seen more prominently in ALL
Pain in lymph nodes
Abdominal fullness
Diagnosis of leukaemia
Peripheral blood smear
And bone marrow biopsy showing 20% blast cells
How to differentiate ALL from AML
Look on slides
AML- fine chromatin
Defined nucleolus
Auer rods in cytoplasm
Large cells
ALL Coarse chromatin Small nucleoli Glycogen granules Smaller cells
Diagnosis method name
Immunophenotyping
Treatment is based on
Reducing blast cells
Treatment ALL and AML
Chemo
Biological therapy
Stem cell transplants
Bone marrow transplants
Acute promyelocytic leukemia treatment
All trans retinoic acid