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Leila's Yr 5 Pathology > Histopathology 4 - Urology > Flashcards

Histopathology 4 - Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Renal stones - are men or women more commonly affected?

A

Men (3x)

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2
Q

What can renal stones be composed of?

A

Calcium oxalate
Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
Uric acid

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3
Q

Most common renal stone

A

Calcium oxalate

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4
Q

What are “triple stones” and what is the danger of them?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (Struvite) - can form stag horn calculi

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5
Q

Main cause of calcium oxalate stones

A

Hypercalciuria

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6
Q

2 causes of hypercalciuria?

A

Excessive GI absorption or renal hypercalciuria due to impaired absorption of calcium in renal PCT

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7
Q

main cause of triple stones?

A

UTI with ammonia producing organisms e.g proteus sp.

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8
Q

MAin causes of uric acid stones

A

DUe to hyperuricaemia e.g. gout, rapid turnover of cells from chemo

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9
Q

Common points of renal stone impaction

A

PUJ, VUJ, pelvic brim

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10
Q

Name 3 benign renal neoplasms

A

papillary adenoma, renal oncocytoma, angiomyolipoma

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11
Q

Benign kidney tumour associated with tuberous sclerosis

A

Angiomyolipoma

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12
Q

Benign kidney tumour associated with high fat content

A

Angiomyolipoma

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13
Q

Cell type in papillary adenoma and renal oncocytoma?

A

Renal epithelial cell

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14
Q

Cell type in angiomyolipoma?

A

Mesenchymal cell

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15
Q

Size of papillary adenoma by definition

A

<15mm, if > then malignant PRCC

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16
Q

Genetic syndrome associated with RCC

A

von Hipper Lindau

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17
Q

Major RFs for RCC

A

Smoking, long term dialysis

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18
Q

3 main histological subtypes of RCC

A

Clear cell, papillary rCC, chromophobe

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19
Q

Genetic change in clear cell RCC

A

Loss of chromosome 3p

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20
Q

Golden yellow tumours with haemorrhage areas

A

Clear cell RCC

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21
Q

RCC associated with long term dialysis

A

Papillary RCC

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22
Q

Genetic change seen in papillary RCC

A

Trisomy 7 and trisomy 17

23
Q

Difference in appearance between papillary RCC and chromophobe

A 
Papillary = friable and brown
Chromophobe = solid and brown
24
Q

Small round blue cells

A

Wilm’s tumour/nephroblastoma

25
Q

Most common presentation of Wilm’s tumour

A

Abdominal mass

26
Q

What is a urothelial carcinoma?

A

Any neoplasm affecting renal pelvis –> bladder

27
Q

Most common risk factors for urothelial cancers? Most common presenting feature?

A

Smoking and aromatic amines

Painless haematuria

28
Q

3 main subtypes of urothelial cancer

A

Non invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (Ni PUC)
Invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (IPUC)
Flat urothelial carcinoma in situ (FUC IT)

29
Q

How does NIPUC present on histology?

A

Frond-like (lead-like) growths

30
Q

2 main medication options for BPH

A

5a reductase inhibitors e.g. finasteride and alpha blockers e.g. tamsulosin

31
Q

Surgical mx of BPH

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate

32
Q

Most common cancer in men

A

Prostate cancer

33
Q

Prostate cancer associations

A

Red meat, FHx

34
Q

Prostate adenocarcinoma precursor lesion

A

prostate intraepithelial neoplasia

35
Q

Common mutations in prostate cancer

A

PTEN, GST-pi, p27

36
Q

Most powerful prognostic indicator in prostate Ca

A

Gleason score

37
Q

How is Gleason score calculated?

A

Adding together the two most common patterns/grades on histological grading

38
Q

Which type of testicular tumours most common?

A

Germ cell tumours

39
Q

3 types of non-germ cell testicular tumours

A

Leydig cell tumours
Sertoli cell tumours
Lymphoma

40
Q

RFs for testicular germ cell tumours

A

Undescended testis, LBW/SGA

41
Q

Most common testicular germ cell carcinoma

A

Seminoma

42
Q

Five histological subtypes of germ cell testicular cancers

A 
Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Post-pubertal teratoma
Yolk sac tumour
Choriocarcinoma
43
Q

Best mx for germ cell testicular cancers, good prognosis?

A

Respond v well to platinum based chemotherapy

44
Q

Testicular lymphoma prognosis

A

v aggressive, older men, poor survival

45
Q

Leydig cell tumour presentation

A

Could present with precocious puberty, usually benign

46
Q

Sertoli cell tumours benign or malignant?

A

90% benign

47
Q

Causative organism of epididymitis <35 and >35

A

<35: C.trachomatis, N.gonorrhoea

>35 E.coli

48
Q

Where do epidermoid cysts occur?

A

Scrotum

49
Q

Fournier’s gangrene, where? what is it?

A

Scrotum, necrotising fasciitis

50
Q

Condylomas?

A

Warts on the penis caused by HPV 6 and 11

51
Q

Inflammatory condition of penis causing phimosis

A

Lichen sclerosis/ balanitis xerotica obliterans

52
Q

What is Peyronie’s disease?

A

scarring, inflammation and thickening of the corpus cavernosa + upward curvature of penis

53
Q

Scrotal squamous cell carcinoma - importance?

A

Associated with occupational exposure to carcinogens, classically CHIMMNEY SWEEPERS

Leila's Yr 5 Pathology (100 decks)

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