HISTOPATHOLOGY

Question 1

The process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and the physical characteristics of the cells.

Answer 1

STAINING

Question 2

acidic in character
* have greater affinity for basic dyes

Answer 2

Nucleus

Question 3

basic constituent of the cell

Answer 3

CYTOPLASM

Question 4

Tissues constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing coloration of the active tissue component.

Answer 4

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

Question 5

Various constituents of tissues are studied through chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of specific tissue substances.

Answer 5

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (HISTOCHEMISTRY)

Question 6

Combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope, using a wide range of polyclonal or monoclonal, fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect and demonstrate tissue antigents.

Answer 6

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

Question 7

process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions.

Answer 7

direct staining

Question 8

action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent or mordant.

Answer 8

indirect staining

Question 9

It combines with a dye to form a colored “lake”, which in turn combines with the tissue to form a “tissue-mordant-dye-complex” that is rendered insoluble in ordinary aqueous and alcoholic solvents.

It is an integral part of the staining reaction itself, without which no staining could possibly occur.

Answer 9

mordant

Question 10

Three ways to use mordant:

Answer 10

applied to the tissue before the stain
may be included as part of the staining technique
may be added to the dye solution itself.

Question 11

Accelerates or hastens the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye.

Answer 11

ACCENTUATOR

Question 12

A process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained.

Answer 12

progressive staining

Question 13

method of staining where the dye is not washed or decolorized

Answer 13

progressive

Question 14

the tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized

Answer 14

regressive

Question 15

Selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining in order that a specific substance may be stained distinctly from the surrounding tissues.

Answer 15

DIFFERENTIATION (DECOLORIZATION)

Question 16

This is usually done by washing the section in a simple solution (e.g.
water or alcohol), or by the use of acids and oxidizing agents.

Answer 16

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

Question 17

entails the use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances.

Answer 17

Metachromatic staining technique

Question 18

Uses more than one chemical stain to better differentiate between various microorganisms or structures/cellular components of a single organism.

Answer 18

Differential Staining

Question 19

_____ is necessary for most metachromatic staining techniques, and metachromasia is usually lost if the section is dehydrated in alcohol after staining.

Answer 19

water

Question 19

The property to stain biological materials with a color that is different from that of the stain itself.

Answer 19

METACHROMASIA

Question 20

application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated.

Answer 20

COUNTERSTAINING

Question 21

process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solution of metallic salts

Answer 21

metallic impregnation

Question 22

metallic impregnation produces ______ on surface of tissue or bacteria.

Answer 22

opaque, usually black deposit

Question 23

the selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle (cytoplasmic phagocytosis).

Answer 23

vital staining

Question 24

what is resistant to vital stains

Answer 24

nucleus

Question 25

if nuclear structures are present during vital stain, it indicates _____.

Answer 25

death of the cell

Question 26

done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body (either intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous), producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticulo-endothelial system.

Answer 26

intravital staining

Question 27

common dyes in intravital staining

Answer 27

lithium carmine india ink

Question 28

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body.

Answer 28

supravital

Question 29

Paraffin wax is poorly permeable to most staining solutions and should therefore be

Answer 29

removed from the section prior to staining.

Question 30

usually done by immersing the paraffin section in a solvent (xylene) two times, at 1-2 minutes duration each, for sections up to 10 micra thick.

Answer 30

xylene 1 xylene 2

Question 31

With the use of xylene, _____ is removed.

Answer 31

absolute alcohol 100%

Question 32

h&e is a ____. progressive or regressive?

Answer 32

regressing

Question 33

cornerstone of tissue- based diagnosis

Answer 33

H&E

Question 34

Eosin Methylene Blue(EMB) method produces a sharp nuclear stain and reveals with marked differentiation the various structures in the tissues, which should be fixed in Zenker's fluid.

Answer 34

malory's phloxine methylene blue stain

Question 35

an alternative to iron hematoxylin nuclear stain, producing a strong and precise nuclear stain that is resistant to decolorization produces color blue

Answer 35

celesteine blue hemalum

Question 36

produces black clor

Answer 36

heidenhain's iron

Question 37

Four staining methods are commonly employed for frozen sections

Answer 37

Hematoxylin-Eosin method Thionine method Polychrome Methylene Blue method Alcoholic Pinacyanol method

Question 38

Coating the slide with dilute (thin) celloidin solutions permits firm attachment of paraffin ribbons. This is also recommended for sections that will be subjected to strong alkaline or acid solutions and for tissues that contain glycogen for demonstration.

Answer 38

collodionization

Question 39

Stains may be effectively removed from the skin by

Answer 39

prompt topical application of 0.5% acid alcohol, followed by rinsing with tap water.

Question 40

first Sudan dye to be introduced into histochemistry. It is also fat soluble, and is good as a fat stain for Central Nervous System tissues, giving a less deep and lighter orange

Answer 40

sudan III

Question 41

It is recommended for staining triglycerides (neutral lipids), giving them a deep and intense red stain.

Answer 41

sudan iv

Question 42

It imparts a black color on intracellular lipids, and is recommended for paraffin sections especially

Answer 42

sudan black

Question 43

stains phospholipids as well as neutral fats. does not stain crystalline cholesterol

Answer 43

SBB

Question 44

possesses two secondary amino groups per molecule, making it a slightly basic dye which may cause non-specific staining. Because of this molecular structure, has a much greater affinity for phospholipid than other lysochromes

Answer 44

SB

Question 45

not real dyes in the usual sense of the word, because they do not have auxochrome groups. They give color to lipids, simply because they are more soluble in the lipid medium of the tissues than in their medium of 70% alcohol.

Answer 45

lysochromes (oil soluble)

Question 46

color imparted by sudan IV or scharlach r

Answer 46

red

Question 47

causes blood cells to exhibit four major staining properties that allow the cell types to be distinguished

Answer 47

wrights

Question 48

affinity for the oxidation products of methylene blue called azures = reddish purple

Answer 48

azurophilia

Question 49

is used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections.

Answer 49

victoria blue

Question 50

It is recommended for staining of Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies. * nuclei = blue * used to differentiate different types of granules * often used as a preliminary stain for electron microscopy

Answer 50

toluidine blue

Question 51

used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and glandular tissues.

Answer 51

rhodamine b

Question 52

is a nuclear stain * produces red nuclei, and is used primarily as a counterstain. * May also be used to give a yellow color to collagen.

Answer 52

SAFRANIN (or Safranin O)

Question 53

utilized for the manufacture of paints, but may be used for microanatomical color contrast of specimens and for demonstration of the blood and lymph vessels by injection (intravital staining).

Answer 53

prussian blue

Question 54

stains glycogen, mucin, mucoprotein, glycoprotein, basement membranes, capsules and blood vessels, as well as fungi and intracellular carbohydrates. Cells that secrete mucus are also strongly stained. * Aldehydes = reddish purple

Answer 54

PAS

Question 55

produces a cytoplasmic stain that demonstrates various tissue components more dramatically

Answer 55

Eosin-Phloxine B Solution

Question 56

when combined with picric acid, it is extensively used in neuropathological studies;

Answer 56

picrocarmine

Question 57

2 kinds of cochineal dyes

Answer 57

1. best's 2.picrocarmine

Question 58

A vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens which are normally colorless. When treated with: ✓ ammonia ✓ exposed to air *produces colors.

Answer 58

orcein

Question 59

"Coal Tar Dyes"

Answer 59

synthetic dyes

Question 60

e.g. cochineal dyes, logwood dyes and vegetable extracts

Answer 60

natural dyes

Question 61

most permanent and simplest method to demonstrate mitochondria by light microscopy

Answer 61

Regaud's Hematoxylin for Mitochondria

Question 62

Usually performed in patients with AIDS to rule out Pneumocystis carinii/ jiroveci

Answer 62

Broncho alveolar Lavage (BAL)

Question 63

“the poor man’s CB”

Answer 63

formalin fixation

Question 64

Pleural and peritoneal fluids fixative is

Answer 64

brasil's fluid

Question 65

specimen that uses these fixatives 1.95% ethanol 2.cough directly on a container with Brasil’s fluid

Answer 65

Sputum and bronchopulmonary specimens

Question 66

processing of sediments, blood clot, or grossly visible tissue fragments from cytological specimens into paraffin blocks that can be cut and stained from the same methods used for histopathology.

Answer 66

cell blocking

Question 67

By far the best method to collect cells from body fluids (ex. Urine, pleural or peritoneal fluid). * For those that have no access to a cytospin, centrifugation of the preparation and sampling of the centrifuged sediment is the usual method of cell concentration.

Answer 67

cytospin prep

Question 68

Examples are peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural fluids. These fluids are prone to jelly like clot formation, to prevent it, one must add 300 units of heparin/ 100mL of aspirates.

Answer 68

bronchial aspirates

Question 69

It makes use of an automatic tissue processing machine (ex. Autotechnicon) which fixes, dehydrates, clears, and infiltrates tissues, thereby decreasing the time and labor needed during the processing of tissues.

Answer 69

automatic processing

Question 70

It makes use of 12 individual processing steps, when ten 1 – liter capacity glass beakers and two thermostatically controlled wax baths with a safety device cut – out switch.

Answer 70

Elliott Bench – Type Processor.

Question 71

Transfer tissue blocks contained in baskets through a series of reagents housed in stationary containers.

Answer 71

carousel type

Question 72

These processors allow maximum flexibility in the choice of reagents and schedules. These machines have a rapid turn-around time for day or night processing. In more recent models the tissue basket is enclosed within an integrated fume hood during agitation and transfer cycles thus overcoming the disadvantages of earlier styles.

Answer 72

carousel

Question 73

Tissue cassettes are loaded in a retort chamber where they remained throughout the procedure. Agitation is achieved by tidal action.

Answer 73

Self-contained vacuum processor

Question 74

2 basic types of automatic processing

Answer 74

Tissue transfer processors Fluid transfer processors

Question 75

Vertical oscillation – provides the agitation for rapid contact between the tissue and the reagents is used by

Answer 75

carousel type

Question 76

Recommended for the demonstration of lipids and nervous tissue elements.

Answer 76

frozen section

Question 77

Almost any microtome can be utilized for the purpose, provided means are made available for freezing and maintaining the specimen and the knife at low temperatures. Usually utilizes the carbon dioxide technique.

Answer 77

cold knife procedure

Question 78

cold knife temp

Answer 78

-40° to -60°C

Question 79

This method makes use of the Cryostat, an apparatus used in fresh tissue microtomy, consisting of an insulated microtome housed in an electrically driven refrigerated chamber. * It is maintained at temperatures near -20°C, where microtome, knife, specimen, and atmosphere are kept at the same temperature.

Answer 79

cryostat procedure

Question 80

type of choice in cryostat

Answer 80

rotary microtome -18° to - 20°C.

Question 81

Most rapid of the commonly available freezing agents.

Answer 81

liq nitrogen

Question 82

for brain, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, uterine curettings, soft cellular tumors; temp

Answer 82

-5° to -15°C

Question 83

Frozen tissue is fixed in Rossman’s formula or in 1% acetone and dehydrated in absolute alcohol. utilizes chemical fixative

Answer 83

freeze substitution

Question 84

Use of antibodies as histological tools for identifying patterns of antigen distribution within a tissue organism.

Answer 84

immunohistochemistry

Question 85

Products of an individual clone of plasma cells. uses mice

Answer 85

monoclonal ab

Question 86

Useful in differentiating lung adenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas * Positive: Thyroid, lung, and neuroendocrine tumors

Answer 86

TTF – 1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor – 1)

Question 87

Useful in diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma

Answer 87

PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

Question 88

Melanomas and Schwannomas always stain positive in

Answer 88

vimentin

Question 89

Used as a marker for germ cell tumors, particularly germinomas.

Answer 89

plap

Question 90

cervical mucus exhibits a “palm leaf” pattern due to formation of salt crystals * Signifies a high persistent estrogen effect * One of the basis of the diagnosis of early pregnancy

Answer 90

ferning

Question 91

Fern or palm leaf crystal

Answer 91

increase estrogen & decrease progesterone * ovulation or fertile period

Question 92

squamous epithelial cells that show the cytopathic effects of HPV * cell with an atypical “wrinkled prune” nucleus surrounded by a perinuclear halo

Answer 92

koilocytosis??

Question 93

auses Strawberry Cervix

Answer 93

T. vaginalis

Question 94

having a “honeycomb appearance” when view on end

Answer 94

Endocervical glandular cells

Question 95

45-50 um * cells having pale, pink-staining cytoplasm and dark pyknotic nuclei * with true acidophilia (under estrogen influence) * display the most maturity, have been affected by estrogen.

Answer 95

Mature superficial/superficial cells

Question 96

the routine staining procedure used in a cytopathology laboratory.

Answer 96

PAPANICOLAOU STAIN

Question 97

fluids are obtained by paracentesis, done on the middle of the abdomen below the naval (at the linea alba)

Answer 97

PERITONEAL CAVITY

Question 98

fluids are obtained by thoracentesis done commonly on the left lateral thoracic wall

Answer 98

PLEURAL CAVITY

Question 99

for patients with hysterectomy

Answer 99

vag scrape

Question 100

for localization of vaginal adenosis

Answer 100

four quad vag scrape

Question 101

wet gangrene

Answer 101

result of venous occlusion, wherein bacterial infection supervenes in ischemic injury to the tissue, causing putrefactive changes

Question 102

refers to the massive death or necrosis of tissue, caused by combination of ischemia (coagulation) and superimposed bacterial infection (liquefaction)

Answer 102

gangrenous necrosis

Question 103

exhibits “tombstone formation” * found in myocardium (heart), lungs, kidneys and spleen.

Answer 103

coag necrosis

Question 104

Refers to the purplish discoloration or lividity of the skin in the dependent portions of the body, due to stasis and eventual settling down of blood into the dependent vessels

Answer 104

LIVOR MORTIS

Question 105

Currant jelly clot Chicken fat appearance * Assumes the shapes of blood vessels (cylindrical) * Rubbery consistency

Answer 105

postmortem clot

Question 106

Refers to the rigidity or stiffening of the muscles, occurring about 6 to12 hours after death

Answer 106

rigor mortis

Question 107

lesion and surrounding tissue is firm to the touch

Answer 107

induration

Question 108

the simplest, least invasive test and uses smallest needle to simple remove cells from the area of abnormality. * This type of needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to draw cells from your body.

Answer 108

fine needle biopsy

Question 109

Removes not only cells, but also a small amount of the surrounding tissu

Answer 109

core needle biopsy

Question 110

takes out even more surrounding tissue. Some of the abnormal tissue is taken out but not all. The doctor will slice into the lesion and remove only a portion of it.

Answer 110

incisional biopsy

Question 111

tissue is scooped or spooned to remove tissue or growths from body cavities such as the endometrium or cervical canal.

Answer 111

currettings