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HISTOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

The process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and the physical characteristics of the cells.

A

STAINING

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2
Q

acidic in character
* have greater affinity for basic dyes

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

basic constituent of the cell

A

CYTOPLASM

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4
Q

Tissues constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing coloration of the active tissue component.

A

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

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5
Q

Various constituents of tissues are studied through chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of specific tissue substances.

A

HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING (HISTOCHEMISTRY)

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6
Q

Combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected and demonstrated under the microscope, using a wide range of polyclonal or monoclonal, fluorescent labeled or enzyme-labeled antibodies to detect and demonstrate tissue antigents.

A

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

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7
Q

process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions.

A

direct staining

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8
Q

action of the dye is intensified by adding another agent or mordant.

A

indirect staining

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9
Q

It combines with a dye to form a colored “lake”, which in turn combines with the tissue to form a “tissue-mordant-dye-complex” that is rendered insoluble in ordinary aqueous and alcoholic solvents.

It is an integral part of the staining reaction itself, without which no staining could possibly occur.

A

mordant

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10
Q

Three ways to use mordant:

A

applied to the tissue before the stain
may be included as part of the staining technique
may be added to the dye solution itself.

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11
Q

Accelerates or hastens the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye.

A

ACCENTUATOR

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12
Q

A process whereby tissue elements are stained in a definite sequence and the staining solution is applied for specific periods of time or until the desired intensity of coloring of the different tissue elements is attained.

A

progressive staining

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13
Q

method of staining where the dye is not washed or decolorized

A

progressive

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14
Q

the tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular details, and the excess stain is removed or decolorized

A

regressive

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15
Q

Selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining in order that a specific substance may be stained distinctly from the surrounding tissues.

A

DIFFERENTIATION (DECOLORIZATION)

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16
Q

This is usually done by washing the section in a simple solution (e.g.
water or alcohol), or by the use of acids and oxidizing agents.

A

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

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17
Q

entails the use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances.

A

Metachromatic staining technique

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18
Q

Uses more than one chemical stain to better differentiate between various microorganisms or structures/cellular components of a single organism.

A

Differential Staining

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19
Q

_____ is necessary for most metachromatic staining techniques, and metachromasia is usually lost if the section is dehydrated in alcohol after staining.

A

water

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19
Q

The property to stain biological materials with a color that is different from that of the stain itself.

A

METACHROMASIA

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20
Q

application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated.

A

COUNTERSTAINING

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21
Q

process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated, not by stains, but by colorless solution of metallic salts

A

metallic impregnation

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22
Q

metallic impregnation produces ______ on surface of tissue or bacteria.

A

opaque, usually black deposit

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23
Q

the selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle (cytoplasmic phagocytosis).

A

vital staining

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24
Q

what is resistant to vital stains

A

nucleus

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25
Q

if nuclear structures are present during vital stain, it indicates _____.

A

death of the cell

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26
Q

done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body (either intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous), producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the reticulo-endothelial system.

A

intravital staining

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27
Q

common dyes in intravital staining

A

lithium
carmine
india ink

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28
Q

Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body.

A

supravital

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29
Q

Paraffin wax is poorly permeable to most staining solutions and should therefore be

A

removed from the section prior to staining.

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30
Q

usually done by immersing the paraffin section in a solvent (xylene) two times, at 1-2 minutes duration each, for sections up to 10 micra thick.

A

xylene 1
xylene 2

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31
Q

With the use of xylene, _____ is removed.

A

absolute alcohol 100%

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32
Q

h&e is a ____.

progressive or regressive?

A

regressing

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33
Q

cornerstone of tissue- based diagnosis

A

H&E

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34
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue(EMB) method

produces a sharp nuclear stain and reveals with marked differentiation the various structures in the tissues, which should be fixed in Zenker’s
fluid.

A

malory’s phloxine methylene blue stain

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35
Q

an alternative to iron hematoxylin nuclear stain, producing a strong and precise nuclear stain that is resistant to decolorization

produces color blue

A

celesteine blue hemalum

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36
Q

produces black clor

A

heidenhain’s iron

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37
Q

Four staining methods are commonly employed for frozen sections

A

Hematoxylin-Eosin method
Thionine method
Polychrome Methylene Blue method
Alcoholic Pinacyanol method

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38
Q

Coating the slide with dilute (thin) celloidin solutions permits firm attachment of paraffin ribbons.

This is also recommended for sections that will be subjected to strong alkaline or acid solutions and for tissues that contain glycogen for demonstration.

A

collodionization

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39
Q

Stains may be effectively removed from the skin by

A

prompt topical application of 0.5% acid alcohol, followed by rinsing with tap water.

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40
Q

first Sudan dye to be introduced into histochemistry.

It is also fat soluble, and is good as a fat stain for Central Nervous System tissues, giving a less deep and lighter orange

A

sudan III

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41
Q

It is recommended for staining triglycerides
(neutral lipids), giving them a deep and intense red stain.

A

sudan iv

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42
Q

It imparts a black color on intracellular lipids,

and is recommended for paraffin sections especially

A

sudan black

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43
Q

stains phospholipids as well as neutral
fats.

does not stain crystalline cholesterol

A

SBB

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44
Q

possesses two secondary amino groups per molecule, making it a slightly basic dye which may cause non-specific staining.

Because of this molecular structure, has a much greater affinity for phospholipid than other lysochromes

A

SB

45
Q

not real dyes in the usual sense of the word, because they do not have auxochrome groups.

They give color to lipids, simply because they are more soluble in the lipid medium of the tissues than in their medium of 70% alcohol.

A

lysochromes (oil soluble)

46
Q

color imparted by sudan IV or scharlach r

A

red

47
Q

causes blood cells to exhibit four major staining properties that allow the cell types to be distinguished

A

wrights

48
Q

affinity for the oxidation products of methylene blue called azures = reddish purple

A

azurophilia

49
Q

is used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections.

A

victoria blue

50
Q

It is recommended for staining of Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies.
* nuclei = blue
* used to differentiate different types of granules
* often used as a preliminary stain for electron
microscopy

A

toluidine blue

51
Q

used with osmic acid to fix and stain blood and glandular tissues.

A

rhodamine b

52
Q

is a nuclear stain
* produces red nuclei, and is used primarily as
a counterstain.
* May also be used to give a yellow color to
collagen.

A

SAFRANIN (or Safranin O)

53
Q

utilized for the manufacture of paints, but may be used for microanatomical color contrast of specimens and for demonstration of the blood and lymph vessels by injection (intravital staining).

A

prussian blue

54
Q

stains glycogen, mucin, mucoprotein, glycoprotein, basement membranes, capsules and blood vessels, as well as fungi and intracellular carbohydrates. Cells that secrete mucus are also strongly stained.
* Aldehydes = reddish purple

A

PAS

55
Q

produces a cytoplasmic stain that demonstrates various tissue components more dramatically

A

Eosin-Phloxine B Solution

56
Q

when combined with picric acid, it is extensively used in neuropathological studies;

A

picrocarmine

57
Q

2 kinds of cochineal dyes

A
  1. best’s
    2.picrocarmine
58
Q

A vegetable dye extracted from certain lichens which are normally colorless.

When treated with: ✓ ammonia
✓ exposed to air
*produces colors.

A

orcein

59
Q

“Coal Tar Dyes”

A

synthetic dyes

60
Q

e.g. cochineal dyes, logwood dyes and vegetable extracts

A

natural dyes

61
Q

most permanent and simplest method to demonstrate mitochondria by light microscopy

A

Regaud’s Hematoxylin for Mitochondria

62
Q

Usually performed in patients with AIDS to rule out Pneumocystis carinii/ jiroveci

A

Broncho alveolar Lavage (BAL)

63
Q

“the poor man’s CB”

A

formalin fixation

64
Q

Pleural and peritoneal fluids fixative is

A

brasil’s fluid

65
Q

specimen that uses these fixatives

1.95% ethanol
2.cough directly on a container
with Brasil’s fluid

A

Sputum and bronchopulmonary specimens

66
Q

processing of sediments, blood clot, or grossly visible tissue fragments from cytological specimens into paraffin blocks that can be cut and stained from the same methods used for histopathology.

A

cell blocking

67
Q

By far the best method to collect cells from body fluids (ex. Urine, pleural or peritoneal fluid).
* For those that have no access to a cytospin, centrifugation of the preparation and sampling of the centrifuged sediment is the usual method of cell concentration.

A

cytospin prep

68
Q

Examples are peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural fluids.

These fluids are prone to jelly like clot formation, to prevent it, one must add
300 units of heparin/ 100mL of aspirates.

A

bronchial aspirates

69
Q

It makes use of an automatic tissue processing machine (ex. Autotechnicon) which fixes, dehydrates, clears, and infiltrates tissues, thereby decreasing the time and labor needed during the processing of tissues.

A

automatic processing

70
Q

It makes use of 12 individual processing steps, when ten 1 – liter capacity glass beakers and two thermostatically controlled wax baths with a safety device cut – out switch.

A

Elliott Bench – Type Processor.

71
Q

Transfer tissue blocks contained in baskets through a series
of reagents housed in stationary containers.

A

carousel type

72
Q

These processors allow maximum flexibility in the
choice of reagents and schedules.

These machines have a rapid turn-around time for day or night processing.

In more recent models the tissue basket is enclosed within an integrated fume hood during agitation and transfer cycles thus overcoming the disadvantages of earlier styles.

A

carousel

73
Q

Tissue cassettes are loaded in a retort chamber where they remained throughout the procedure.

Agitation is achieved by tidal action.

A

Self-contained vacuum processor

74
Q

2 basic types of automatic processing

A

Tissue transfer processors
Fluid transfer processors

75
Q

Vertical oscillation – provides the agitation for rapid contact between the tissue and the reagents is used by

A

carousel type

76
Q

Recommended for the demonstration of lipids and nervous tissue elements.

A

frozen section

77
Q

Almost any microtome can be utilized for the purpose, provided means are made available for freezing and maintaining the specimen and the knife at low temperatures.

Usually utilizes the carbon dioxide technique.

A

cold knife procedure

78
Q

cold knife temp

A

-40° to -60°C

79
Q

This method makes use of the Cryostat, an apparatus used in fresh tissue microtomy, consisting of an insulated microtome housed in an electrically driven refrigerated chamber.

  • It is maintained at temperatures near -20°C, where microtome, knife, specimen, and atmosphere are kept at the same temperature.
A

cryostat procedure

80
Q

type of choice in cryostat

A

rotary microtome
-18° to - 20°C.

81
Q

Most rapid of the commonly available freezing agents.

A

liq nitrogen

82
Q

for brain, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, uterine curettings, soft cellular tumors; temp

A

-5° to -15°C

83
Q

Frozen tissue is fixed in Rossman’s formula or in 1% acetone and dehydrated in absolute alcohol.

utilizes chemical fixative

A

freeze substitution

84
Q

Use of antibodies as histological tools for identifying patterns of antigen distribution within a tissue organism.

A

immunohistochemistry

85
Q

Products of an individual clone of plasma cells.

uses mice

A

monoclonal ab

86
Q

Useful in differentiating lung adenocarcinomas from
mesotheliomas
* Positive: Thyroid, lung, and neuroendocrine tumors

A

TTF – 1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor – 1)

87
Q

Useful in diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma

A

PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

88
Q

Melanomas and Schwannomas always stain positive
in

A

vimentin

89
Q

Used as a marker for germ cell tumors,
particularly germinomas.

A

plap

90
Q

cervical mucus exhibits a “palm leaf” pattern due to formation of salt crystals
* Signifies a high persistent estrogen effect
* One of the basis of the diagnosis of early
pregnancy

A

ferning

91
Q

Fern or palm leaf crystal

A

increase estrogen & decrease progesterone
* ovulation or fertile period

92
Q

squamous epithelial cells that show the cytopathic effects of HPV
* cell with an atypical “wrinkled prune” nucleus surrounded by a perinuclear halo

A

koilocytosis??

93
Q

auses Strawberry Cervix

A

T. vaginalis

94
Q

having a “honeycomb appearance” when
view on end

A

Endocervical glandular cells

95
Q

45-50 um
* cells having pale, pink-staining cytoplasm and dark
pyknotic nuclei
* with true acidophilia (under estrogen influence)
* display the most maturity, have been affected by
estrogen.

A

Mature superficial/superficial cells

96
Q

the routine staining procedure used in a cytopathology laboratory.

A

PAPANICOLAOU STAIN

97
Q

fluids are obtained by paracentesis, done on the middle of the abdomen below the naval (at the linea alba)

A

PERITONEAL CAVITY

98
Q

fluids are obtained by thoracentesis done commonly on the left lateral thoracic wall

A

PLEURAL CAVITY

99
Q

for patients with hysterectomy

A

vag scrape

100
Q

for localization of vaginal adenosis

A

four quad vag scrape

101
Q

wet gangrene

A

result of venous occlusion, wherein bacterial infection supervenes in ischemic injury to the tissue, causing putrefactive changes

102
Q

refers to the massive death or necrosis of tissue, caused by combination of ischemia (coagulation) and superimposed bacterial infection (liquefaction)

A

gangrenous necrosis

103
Q

exhibits “tombstone formation”
* found in myocardium (heart), lungs, kidneys and spleen.

A

coag necrosis

104
Q

Refers to the purplish discoloration or lividity of the skin in the dependent portions of the body, due to stasis and eventual settling down of blood into the dependent vessels

A

LIVOR MORTIS

105
Q

Currant jelly clot
Chicken fat appearance
* Assumes the shapes of
blood vessels (cylindrical)
* Rubbery consistency

A

postmortem clot

106
Q

Refers to the rigidity or stiffening of the
muscles, occurring about 6 to12 hours after death

A

rigor mortis

107
Q

lesion and surrounding tissue is firm to the touch

A

induration

108
Q

the simplest, least invasive test and uses smallest needle to simple remove cells from the area of abnormality.
* This type of needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to draw cells from your body.

A

fine needle biopsy

109
Q

Removes not only cells, but also a small amount of the surrounding tissu

A

core needle biopsy

110
Q

takes out even more surrounding tissue.

Some of the abnormal tissue is taken
out but not all. The doctor will slice into the lesion and remove only a portion of it.

A

incisional biopsy

111
Q

tissue is scooped or spooned to remove tissue or growths from body cavities such as the endometrium or cervical canal.

A

currettings

finals (10 decks)

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