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finals > Clinical Chemistry: Proteins, Lipids, and Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry: Proteins, Lipids, and Lipoproteins Flashcards

1
Q

Methionine, Phenlyalanine, Tryptophan is an example of what group of AA?

A

Non-polar/Hydrophobic

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2
Q

In which conditions does pre-albumin increased?

a. Alcoholism
b. Tissue necrosis
c. Hepatic damage

A

A. Alcoholism

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3
Q

This is the most abundant protein in normal plasma constituting 2/3 of the total protein.

A

Albumin

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4
Q

Reference value of Albumin

A

32-45 g/L

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5
Q

What molecules are transported by albumin:

a. Bilirubin, Cortisol, Fatty Acid
b. Triiodithyronine, Troponin
c. Keratin, myosin

A

A. Bilirubin, Cortisol, Fatty Acid

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6
Q

Albumin is increased in:
a. Dehydration
b. Malnutrition
c. Severe burns

A

A. Dehydration

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7
Q

consists of alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma fractions and is measured by subtracting albumin from TP

A

Globulin

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8
Q

What are the 3 major components of Specific Plasma Proteins

A

Pre-albumin/Transthyretin, Albumin, Globulin

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9
Q

Has the capacity to bind with trypsin and inactivate it. Rises in response to acute inflammation, and is the major component of the fraction of serum proteins that migrate electrophoretically immediately after albumin

A

ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN (AAT)

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10
Q

Anti Trypsin is increased in:

a. Pregnancy
b. Liver disease
c. pulmonary disease

A

A.

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11
Q

It inhibits the activity of the enzymes cathepsin G,
pancreatic elastase, mast cell chymase, and chymotrypsin by cleaving them into a different shape (conformation).

Produced in the liver and is an acute phase reactant.

A

ALPHA 1 ANTICHY-MO-TRYPSIN

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12
Q

Elevations seen in inflammatory disorders and plays a particular role in inflammation and carcinogenesis.

A

Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor

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13
Q

largest non-immunoglobulin protein in plasma, synthesized in the hepatocytes.

Increased in:
nephrotic syndrome, diabetes

A

Alpha 2 Macroglobulin (AMG)

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14
Q

Haptoglobin migrates in what region?

A

Alpha-2 region

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15
Q

Its function is to bind to free hemoglobin. Used to evaluate rheumatic disease.

A

Haptoglobin

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16
Q

Haptoglobin is increased in:

a. HDN
b. burns
c. Acute rheumatic disease

A

c. acute rheumatic disease

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17
Q

transports ferric iron to its storage sites and a negative acute phase protein.

A

transferrin

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18
Q

Migrates between beta and gamma fractions

A

fibrinogen

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19
Q

This is seen to be increased in TB and decreased in fetal death in utero

A

Fibrinogen

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20
Q

Fibrinogen reference range.

A

200-400 mg/dL

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21
Q

largest non-immunoglobulin in plasma synthesized in hepatocytes

A

AMG

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22
Q

Half life of haptoglobin

A

4 days

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23
Q

It causes high ESR and is a marker for cardiovascular disease

A

Fibrinogen

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24
Q

also known as immunoglobulins or antibodies that is produced by WBC

A

Gamma globulin

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25
Q

most abundant protein in fetal serum

A

AFP

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26
Q

Has a reference value of 5ng/mL and is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Decreased in TRISOMY 21.

A

AFP

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27
Q

copper containing serum glycoprotein which is a circulating oxidase. Oxidizes iron from ferrous to ferric.

A

Ceruloplasmin

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28
Q

ceruloplasmin imparts what color to protein

A

BLUE

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29
Q

marker for wilson’s disease (0.1g/L) and increased ininflammation, pregnancy, and cancer. Decreased in malabsorption.

A

Ceruloplasmin

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30
Q

transport cholesterol, triglyceride,
and phospholipid in the blood and has a chracteristic sharp leading edge and feathery trailing edge.

A

Lipoproteins

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31
Q

lipoprotein that migrates between albumin and alpha-1 globulin zone

A

HDL

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32
Q

appears as a separate band in the beta-globulin region

A

LDL

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33
Q

Exhibits high-binding affinity with vitamin D compounds and actin.

Migrates in alpha1 and alpha 2 interzone.

A

Group specific component globulin/
GC globulin

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34
Q

This is seen to decrease in protein-losing syndrome and increased in pregnancy and oral contraceptives.

A

GC GLOBULIN

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35
Q

Binds to progesterone and quinidine
(cardioactive drug) and is important in transport
and metabolism.

Used to diagnose neonates w bacterial infections

A

Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AAG)

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36
Q

binds with heme released
from degradation of hemoglobin and is decreased in hemolytic disorders and intravascular hemolysis

A

Hemopexin

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37
Q

a general scavenger molecule that is used to **monitor remission of autoimmune disease. **

appears in blood in inflammatory conditions and undetectable in healthy individuals.

A

CRP

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38
Q

proteins that participates in in immune reaction and circulates in blood as nonfunctional precursors.

Decreased in DIC, malnutrition, hemolytic anemia.

A

COMPLEMENT

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39
Q

light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]). filtered by glomerulus.

Increased in SLE, RA, OVERPRODUCTION OF PROTEIN.

A

BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN (B2M)

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40
Q

A small heme protein found in the striated
skeletal and cardiac muscles.

2% of muscle protein.

A

MYOGLOBIN

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41
Q

A complex of 3 proteins (regulatory proteins) that
bind to the thin filaments of cardiac muscles. For muscle contraction; regulators of actin and myosin.

A

Troponin

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42
Q

Troponin Specific for heart muscle

A

Troponin T/Tropomyosin binding subunit

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43
Q

Troponi only found in myocardium and highly specific for AMI.

A

Troponin I/ Inhibitory subunit

44
Q

Calcium-binding protein subunit of troponin that initiates the sequence of conformational changes on the thin filament

45
Q

abnormal protein found in urine of patients with possible multiple myeloma (a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow)

46
Q

In BJP what temp does urine precipitate and redissolve.

47
Q

Marker for congestive heart failure

A

B-type/Brain Natriuretic Peptide

48
Q

A glycoprotein composed of two nearly identical
subunits: Plasma and Fetal.

A

Fibronectin

49
Q

A 247-amino acid fat hormone

A

Adinopectin

50
Q

prostaglandin D synthase.
168 amino acid.

accurate marker of CSF leakage.

51
Q

A biochemical marker of bone resorption. Can be detected in serum and urine.

A

Cross-linked C-Telopeptides (CTX)

52
Q

The reference method but not routinely used. It is based on the measurement of the nitrogen
content of protein; end product of the method is ammonia.

A

Kjeldahl Method

53
Q

Reagent used in Kjeldahl method.

A

SULFURIC ACID

54
Q

It is the most widely used method. It requires at least 2 peptide bonds and an alk medium.

END COLOR IS VIOLET CHELATE.

A

Biuret method

55
Q

highest analytical sensitivity and give deeper blue color.

A

Folin-Ciocalteu (Lowry) Method

56
Q

Proteins absorb light at 280 nm and at 210 nm.

Absorption at 280 nm is due to tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine.

A

UV Absorption Method.

57
Q

migration of charged particles in an electric field

A

Serum Protein Electrophoresis

58
Q

fastes band in SPE

59
Q

1.

HAPTOGLOBULIN, CERULOPLASMIN, AND AMG IS FOUND IN WHAT BAND IN SPE

60
Q

juvenile cirrhosis produces an abnormal SPE pattern which is

A

Alpha 1 globulin flat curve

61
Q

in nephrotic syndrome, abnormal SPE pattern is characterized by

A

alpha 2 globulin band spike

62
Q

hepatic cirrhosis produces what abnormal SPE pattern

A

beta-gamma bridging

63
Q

These methods utilize sulfosalicylic acid and/or trichloroacetic acid

A

Turbidimetric and Nephelometry

64
Q

main form of lipid storage in man and Transported mostly by chylomicrons (exogenous)
and VLDL (endogenous)

65
Q

no carbon double bonds, acids are saturated with
hydrogen

66
Q

Two fatty acids attached to glycerol, amphipathic, originates in liver and intestines

A

phospolipids

67
Q

% of esterified cholesterol

68
Q

Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol the most?

A

LDL (60-70%)

69
Q

Transport lipids (TAG and cholesterol) to sites of energy storage and utilization in the body and also spherical in shape

A

LIPOPROTEINS

70
Q

Located on the surface of lipoproteins

A

proteins (apolipoproteins)

71
Q

4 major lipoproteins classes

A
  1. Chylo
  2. VLDL
  3. HDL
  4. LDL
72
Q

Minor LPP

A
  1. IDL
  2. Lp (a)
73
Q

Keep the lipids in solution during circulation through the bloodstream and Maintain the structural integrity of the LPP complex

A

Apolipoproteins

74
Q

major protein in HDL

75
Q

75% of apo A in HDL

76
Q

major protein in VLDL, LDL, and chylomicron

77
Q

___ is synthesized in the liver while _____ is synthesized in small inetstines

A

apo B -100; apo B-48

78
Q

major constituent of VLDL

minor constituent of HDL and LDL

79
Q

arginine rich lipoprotein

80
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

81
Q

largest (reflect light = “milky plasma”),
very rich in TAG of exogenous origin,
least dense: floating, creamy layer on stored
plasma

82
Q

largest, least dense, exogenous

83
Q

wide range in size
large enough to scatter light = turbidity in fasting plasma major carrier of endogenous TAG

84
Q

apolipoproteins present in chylomicrons

A

apo B48 and apo A

apo C and apo E

85
Q

ALP presnt in VLDL

A

mostly apo 100 and apo C

apo E

86
Q

formed from the lipolysis of VLDL

conversion of IDL to LDL occurs as more TAG are removed

synthesized by the liver

87
Q

primary marjer for CHD risk

88
Q

APL in LDL

A

mostly apo 100

apo E

89
Q

smallest most dense

90
Q

APL IN HDL

A

apo A-I and apo A-II

91
Q
  1. most active form of HDL
  2. predmoninant in plasma
A
  1. DISCOID
  2. SPHERICAL
92
Q

85-95% TAG

93
Q

50% PROTEIN

94
Q

50% CHOLE

95
Q

lipid content, size, and density are “intermediate”
between VLDL and LDL

either converted to LDL or directly taken up by the liver

96
Q

found in obstructive biliary disease

composed of almost 90% lipids

97
Q

aka floating beta lipoprotein
due to defective catabolism of VLDL

98
Q

Associated with elevated lipoprotein levels

A

Hyperlipoproteinemia

99
Q

Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency

Increased chylomicrons (TAG)

100
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia

101
Q

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia,

Quantitative and qualitative defect in apo E

102
Q

Familial hypertrig

103
Q

mixed lipemia

104
Q
  1. LDL cholesterol builds up in circulation because there are no LDL receptors needed to transfer cholesterol into cells
  2. 20-26 mmol/L total cholesterol, First heart attack can occur in teenage
    years
A
  1. hypercholesterolemia
  2. homozygous
105
Q

Increased cholesterol and TAG

A

combined hyperlipoproteinemia

106
Q

thickening/hardening of the walls of the arteries

A

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

finals (10 decks)

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