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GI System Midterm > Histology of Upper GI Tract: Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Histology of Upper GI Tract: Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions in the GI Tract

A

swallowing, digestion, absorption

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2
Q

Where does swallowing occur

A

oral cavity and esophagus

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3
Q

Where does digestion occur

A

small intestine

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4
Q

Where does absorption occur

A

large intestine

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5
Q

What is the function of villi

A

increase surface area for absorption

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6
Q

4 Main digestive organs

A

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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7
Q

4 concentric layers

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
    4 serosa/adventitia
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8
Q

Where does chemical digestion start

A

in the stomach

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9
Q

3 features of mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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10
Q

3 features of submucosa

A

connective tissue that contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves

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11
Q

Features of muscularis externa

A

2/3 layers of smooth muscle

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12
Q

Features of serosa

A

connective tissue that supports and binds organ to other

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13
Q

Where is the epithelium stratified squamous

A

oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal

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14
Q

Where is the epithelium simple columnar

A

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

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15
Q

Function of epithelium

A

selective permeable barrier
transport, digestion, absorption
produce hormones

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16
Q

Function of lamina propria

A

where vascular supply comes in

lymphatic nodules present

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17
Q

Where is the lamina propria most relevant

A

small intestine and large intestine

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18
Q

What is the nickname for the lamina propria in small intestine and large intestine

A

Peyer’s Patch and GALT

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19
Q

Function os muscularis mucosae

A

increases contact area with food

propel and mix food in GI tract

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20
Q

Characteristics of submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

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21
Q

What organs have glands in their submucosa?

A

esophagus and duodenum

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22
Q

What are the folds of mucosa/submucosa in the stomach and called?

A

rugae

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23
Q

What are the folds of mucosa/submucosa in the small intestine called?

A

plicae

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24
Q

What is the function of mucosal glands?

A

increase secretory capacity

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25
Q

What is the function of mucosal villi?

A

increase the absorptive capacity of digestive tube

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26
Q

What would happen if the mucosa was to acidic?

A

could lose the function of the mucosa

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27
Q

What is the function of plicae and rugae?

A

to increase surface area and help with absorption

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28
Q

Where is Meissner’s plexus located?

A

in the submucosa

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29
Q

Where is the Myenteric plexus located?

A

in the muscularis layer

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30
Q

T/F Only the jejunum and ileum have a meissner’s and myenteric plexus?

A

F, all segments of the GI tract will have both plexi

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31
Q

What are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the Muscularis Externa

A

Circular layer and longitudinal layer

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32
Q

What is the function of the circular layer?

A

contraction reduces the lumen and helps move food and propel food thru the organs

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33
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal layer?

A

to make the tube shorter and move food thru the tube

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34
Q

What innervation is the voluntary control of the GI tract

A

Extrinsic (ANS) via sympathetic (decrease motility) and via parasym (increase motility)

35
Q

What nerve innervates the parasympathetic system

A

vagus via pelivc splanchnic nerves

36
Q

What innervation does involuntary control of the GI tract

A

intrinsic/enteric system through Meissner’s plexus and Myenteric plexus

37
Q

Function of the intrinsic/enteric system

A
  1. peristaltic contractions to move food bolus

2. secretory activity of mucosal/submucosal glands

38
Q

What is the function of the esophagus

A

carry food down to stomach via peristaltic contractions

39
Q

Function of Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A

when contracting: help prevent reflux and regurgitation of stomach contents
when relaxing: allow food passage and swallowing

40
Q

Difference between the upper esophagus and lower esophagus

A

upper part inside the muscularis externa there is skeletal muscle
lower part inside the muscularis externa there is smooth muscle

41
Q

What is the change in mucosa shape at the gastroesophageal junction?

A

from stratified squamous to simple columnar

42
Q

What layer of the esophagus produces lubricant

A

mucosal and submucosal

43
Q

What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter

A

initiation of swallowing

44
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter

A

prevent gastric reflux

45
Q

What occurs with a person has GERD?

A

change in epithelium to columnar, chronic esophagitis, dysphagia, fibrosis

46
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

when abnormal columnar epithelium replaces the stratified squamous epithelium that is normally in distal esophagus

47
Q

Sliding Hernia

A

involves esophagus and stomach

48
Q

Paraesophageal hernia

A

involves only stomach

49
Q

Function of the stomach

A

chemically process swallowed semisolid fluid

50
Q

What is orad motility?

A

area: cardia and upper fundus
function: relaxes the sphincter, holding changer where the food is going to go first

51
Q

What is caudad motility?

A

function: contraction and emptying food and putting it into duodenum

52
Q

Gastric glands

A

secrete gastric juice

53
Q

What are the 5 major cell types of gastric glands

A
  1. Mucous neck
  2. Chief cells
  3. Parietal cells
  4. Stem cells
  5. Gastroenteroendocrine cells
54
Q

What do mucous cells produce

A

mucins

55
Q

What is the function of the mucin

A
  • hold a lot of water and make a insoluble gel to make a protective layer
  • traps bicarbonate
  • neutralize microenvironment
56
Q

What do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

57
Q

Function of pepsinogen

A

proenzyme stored in zymogen and is converted to pepsin in acidic environment

58
Q

When is pepsinogen stimulated

A

by feeding, after fasting

59
Q

What do parietal cells produce

A

make HCl and Intrinsic Factor

60
Q

What occurs if you don’t make enough intrinsic factor?

A

wont be able to absorb B12

61
Q

What occurs if something attacks parietal cells?

A

can’t make HCl and can’t absorb B12

62
Q

Autoimmune gastitis

A

destruction of parietal cells causing reduction in hydrochloric acid in gastric juice and less intrinsic factor resultingin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia

63
Q

What parasympathetic mediator and what peptide can help stimulate HCl

A

Acetylcholine and gastrin

64
Q

Where are Ach and gastrin produced?

A

enteroendocrine cells of pyloric antrum

65
Q

Function of Ach in stomach

A

help secrete HCl

66
Q

Function of gastrin in stomach

A

send signal to other cells to upregulate their function to help digestion (upregulate parietal cells)

67
Q

Where do Helicobactor Pylori thrive?

A

in the mucus epithelium of the stomach especially pyloric antrum

68
Q

What are S/S of H. pylori?

A

peptic ulcers and adenocarcinoma

69
Q

What is produced by gastoenteroendocrine cells?

A

peptide hormones

70
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body and why

A

GI system- because so many gastroenteroendocrine cells that produce peptide hormones

71
Q

What is secretin

A

a peptide hormone released by duodenal glands of Lieberkuhn

72
Q

When is secretin released

A

when gastric contents enter the duodenum

73
Q

Function of secretin

A
  • stimulate pancreatic and duodenal bicarbonate and fluid release
  • regulate pH of duodenal contents
74
Q

What occurs when secretin and CCK work together

A

stimulate growth of exocrine pancreas

75
Q

What cells does secretin stimualte

A

chief cells to secrete pepsinogen

76
Q

What peptide hormones does secretin inhibit

A

gastrin- to reduce HCl secretion and reduce acidity

77
Q

What cells produce gastrin

A

G cells

78
Q

Main functions of gastrin

A
  • stimulate production of HCl in parietal cells

- activate CCK to stimulate gallbladder contraction

79
Q

What are the 4 peptide hormones

A

CCK, Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, Motilin, Ghrelin

80
Q

Function of CCK

A

in duodenum, stimulate gallbladder contraction and relaxation when protein and fat chyme come thru

81
Q

Function of glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide

A

in duodenum, stimulates insulin release when glucose detected in small intestine

82
Q

Function of Motilin

A

in upper small intestine, stimulate gastrointestinal motility

83
Q

Function of Ghrelin

A

in stomach, stimulates secretion of growth hormone

*increased during fasting triggering hunger by acting in hypothalamic feeding centers

84
Q

Difference between the lamina propria and mucosa/submucosa in pylorus

A

lamina propria has no elastic fibers and the submucosa does have elastic fibers

GI System Midterm (7 decks)

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