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GI System Midterm > Histology of Upper GI Tract: Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Histology of Upper GI Tract: Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions in the GI Tract

A

swallowing, digestion, absorption

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2
Q

Where does swallowing occur

A

oral cavity and esophagus

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3
Q

Where does digestion occur

A

small intestine

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4
Q

Where does absorption occur

A

large intestine

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5
Q

What is the function of villi

A

increase surface area for absorption

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6
Q

4 Main digestive organs

A

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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7
Q

4 concentric layers

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
    4 serosa/adventitia
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8
Q

Where does chemical digestion start

A

in the stomach

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9
Q

3 features of mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

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10
Q

3 features of submucosa

A

connective tissue that contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves

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11
Q

Features of muscularis externa

A

2/3 layers of smooth muscle

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12
Q

Features of serosa

A

connective tissue that supports and binds organ to other

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13
Q

Where is the epithelium stratified squamous

A

oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal

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14
Q

Where is the epithelium simple columnar

A

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum

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15
Q

Function of epithelium

A

selective permeable barrier
transport, digestion, absorption
produce hormones

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16
Q

Function of lamina propria

A

where vascular supply comes in

lymphatic nodules present

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17
Q

Where is the lamina propria most relevant

A

small intestine and large intestine

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18
Q

What is the nickname for the lamina propria in small intestine and large intestine

A

Peyer’s Patch and GALT

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19
Q

Function os muscularis mucosae

A

increases contact area with food

propel and mix food in GI tract

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20
Q

Characteristics of submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

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21
Q

What organs have glands in their submucosa?

A

esophagus and duodenum

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22
Q

What are the folds of mucosa/submucosa in the stomach and called?

A

rugae

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23
Q

What are the folds of mucosa/submucosa in the small intestine called?

A

plicae

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24
Q

What is the function of mucosal glands?

A

increase secretory capacity

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25
What is the function of mucosal villi?
increase the absorptive capacity of digestive tube
26
What would happen if the mucosa was to acidic?
could lose the function of the mucosa
27
What is the function of plicae and rugae?
to increase surface area and help with absorption
28
Where is Meissner's plexus located?
in the submucosa
29
Where is the Myenteric plexus located?
in the muscularis layer
30
T/F Only the jejunum and ileum have a meissner's and myenteric plexus?
F, all segments of the GI tract will have both plexi
31
What are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the Muscularis Externa
Circular layer and longitudinal layer
32
What is the function of the circular layer?
contraction reduces the lumen and helps move food and propel food thru the organs
33
What is the function of the longitudinal layer?
to make the tube shorter and move food thru the tube
34
What innervation is the voluntary control of the GI tract
Extrinsic (ANS) via sympathetic (decrease motility) and via parasym (increase motility)
35
What nerve innervates the parasympathetic system
vagus via pelivc splanchnic nerves
36
What innervation does involuntary control of the GI tract
intrinsic/enteric system through Meissner's plexus and Myenteric plexus
37
Function of the intrinsic/enteric system
1. peristaltic contractions to move food bolus | 2. secretory activity of mucosal/submucosal glands
38
What is the function of the esophagus
carry food down to stomach via peristaltic contractions
39
Function of Lower Esophageal Sphincter
when contracting: help prevent reflux and regurgitation of stomach contents when relaxing: allow food passage and swallowing
40
Difference between the upper esophagus and lower esophagus
upper part inside the muscularis externa there is skeletal muscle lower part inside the muscularis externa there is smooth muscle
41
What is the change in mucosa shape at the gastroesophageal junction?
from stratified squamous to simple columnar
42
What layer of the esophagus produces lubricant
mucosal and submucosal
43
What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter
initiation of swallowing
44
What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter
prevent gastric reflux
45
What occurs with a person has GERD?
change in epithelium to columnar, chronic esophagitis, dysphagia, fibrosis
46
Barrett's esophagus
when abnormal columnar epithelium replaces the stratified squamous epithelium that is normally in distal esophagus
47
Sliding Hernia
involves esophagus and stomach
48
Paraesophageal hernia
involves only stomach
49
Function of the stomach
chemically process swallowed semisolid fluid
50
What is orad motility?
area: cardia and upper fundus function: relaxes the sphincter, holding changer where the food is going to go first
51
What is caudad motility?
function: contraction and emptying food and putting it into duodenum
52
Gastric glands
secrete gastric juice
53
What are the 5 major cell types of gastric glands
1. Mucous neck 2. Chief cells 3. Parietal cells 4. Stem cells 5. Gastroenteroendocrine cells
54
What do mucous cells produce
mucins
55
What is the function of the mucin
- hold a lot of water and make a insoluble gel to make a protective layer - traps bicarbonate - neutralize microenvironment
56
What do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
57
Function of pepsinogen
proenzyme stored in zymogen and is converted to pepsin in acidic environment
58
When is pepsinogen stimulated
by feeding, after fasting
59
What do parietal cells produce
make HCl and Intrinsic Factor
60
What occurs if you don't make enough intrinsic factor?
wont be able to absorb B12
61
What occurs if something attacks parietal cells?
can't make HCl and can't absorb B12
62
Autoimmune gastitis
destruction of parietal cells causing reduction in hydrochloric acid in gastric juice and less intrinsic factor resultingin B12 deficiency and pernicious anemia
63
What parasympathetic mediator and what peptide can help stimulate HCl
Acetylcholine and gastrin
64
Where are Ach and gastrin produced?
enteroendocrine cells of pyloric antrum
65
Function of Ach in stomach
help secrete HCl
66
Function of gastrin in stomach
send signal to other cells to upregulate their function to help digestion (upregulate parietal cells)
67
Where do Helicobactor Pylori thrive?
in the mucus epithelium of the stomach especially pyloric antrum
68
What are S/S of H. pylori?
peptic ulcers and adenocarcinoma
69
What is produced by gastoenteroendocrine cells?
peptide hormones
70
What is the largest endocrine organ in the body and why
GI system- because so many gastroenteroendocrine cells that produce peptide hormones
71
What is secretin
a peptide hormone released by duodenal glands of Lieberkuhn
72
When is secretin released
when gastric contents enter the duodenum
73
Function of secretin
- stimulate pancreatic and duodenal bicarbonate and fluid release - regulate pH of duodenal contents
74
What occurs when secretin and CCK work together
stimulate growth of exocrine pancreas
75
What cells does secretin stimualte
chief cells to secrete pepsinogen
76
What peptide hormones does secretin inhibit
gastrin- to reduce HCl secretion and reduce acidity
77
What cells produce gastrin
G cells
78
Main functions of gastrin
- stimulate production of HCl in parietal cells | - activate CCK to stimulate gallbladder contraction
79
What are the 4 peptide hormones
CCK, Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, Motilin, Ghrelin
80
Function of CCK
in duodenum, stimulate gallbladder contraction and relaxation when protein and fat chyme come thru
81
Function of glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
in duodenum, stimulates insulin release when glucose detected in small intestine
82
Function of Motilin
in upper small intestine, stimulate gastrointestinal motility
83
Function of Ghrelin
in stomach, stimulates secretion of growth hormone | *increased during fasting triggering hunger by acting in hypothalamic feeding centers
84
Difference between the lamina propria and mucosa/submucosa in pylorus
lamina propria has no elastic fibers and the submucosa does have elastic fibers

GI System Midterm (7 decks)

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