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GI System Midterm > Histology of the Lower GI Tract (Small and Large Intestine) > Flashcards

Histology of the Lower GI Tract (Small and Large Intestine) Flashcards

1
Q

What can the small intestine secrete

A

CCK, VIP, secretin

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2
Q

Chyme

A

semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into duodenum

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3
Q

Villi of the small intestine

A
  • folds of mucosa projecting into the lumen

- increase absorptive surface area

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4
Q

4 degrees of folding in SI

A

Plicae circularis, Intestinal villi, Intestinal glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn, and microvilli

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5
Q

Where in the SI are the plicae circularis most prevelant

A

duodenum

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6
Q

Where in the SI are the plicae circularis least prevelant

A

ileum

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7
Q

Function of intestinal villi of SI

A

increase surface area

form crypts of Lieberkuhn

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8
Q

How do the plicae and the villi increase the surface area

A

when the SI gets more full, they flatten out but once they it empties- they go back up

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9
Q

Function of crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

formed by mucosa and increase surface area

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10
Q

What are the cells of the crypts

A

absorptive, goblet, Paneth, enteroendocrine

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11
Q

What cell makes up the brush border

A

microvilli

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12
Q

Where is the muscularis mucosa located

A

between the mucosa and the submucosa

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis mucosa

A

muscularis externa and serosa

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14
Q

What is the muscularis externa

A

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

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15
Q

What is the serosa

A

loose CT covered by visceral peritoneum

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16
Q

Mesothelioma

A

aggressive form of cancer that attacks the mesothelium of the pericardial, pleural, or peritoneal cavity

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17
Q

Segmentation

A

pattern of annular contraction of the smooth muscle layers in the walls of SI

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18
Q

What mechanism is segmentation controlled by

A

ANS

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19
Q

Where does the main distribution of blood and lymph flow occur?

A

the intestinal submucosa

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20
Q

2 capillary networks of the submucosal plexus

A

villus capillary plexus and pericryptal capillary plexus

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21
Q

What is the function of the 2 capillary networks of the submucosal plexus

A

sends nerves into the villi

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22
Q

Where are lacteals found?

A

in the core of the villus

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23
Q

Function of lacteals

A

lymphatic mechanism and give rise to small lymphatic vessels and this will flow into the portal vein

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24
Q

Where is chyle made

A

lacteal

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25
Q

Function of chyle

A

lymph containing lipids absorbed from a meal from intestine to lymphatic circulation and to thoracic duct and into systemic blood circulation

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26
Q

Innervation for motility

A

ANS through submucosal and myenteric plexi

27
Q

Innervation for extrinsic input

A

from CNS thru parasym and sympath nerve trugs

28
Q

Histologic difference for duodenum

A

Brunner’s glands in submucosa, few goblet cells

29
Q

Histologic difference for jejunum

A

Well-developed plicae circulares

No Brunner’s glands and no peyer’s patches

30
Q

Histologic differences for ileum

A

Peyer’s patches in laminia propria and submucosa

31
Q

What are peyer’s patches

A

lymphoid nodules

32
Q

Function of absorptive cells/enterocytes

A

contain intramembranous enzymes (lactase, maltase, sucrase) for carb digestion

33
Q

Explain Lactose intolerance involving enterocytes

A

if you can’t make lactase with enterocytes, can’t breakdown and absorb lactose

34
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

mucus-secreting cells

35
Q

What is the secretory product of goblet cells

A

glycoproteins

36
Q

What is the function of mucus hydrates

A

form protective gel to shield from bacteria

37
Q

Function of enteroendocrine cells

A

secrete peptides

38
Q

Peptides secreted by enteroendocrine cells

A

gastrin, secretin, CCK

39
Q

Function of gastrin

A

stimulate gastic motility, HCl, and insulin

40
Q

Function of secretin

A

stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion and enhance insulin secretion

41
Q

Function of CCK

A

act on pyloic sphincter to slow emptying, stimulate release of bile and pancreatic enzymes

42
Q

Function of Paneth Cells

A

secrete antimicrobial proteins to prevent bacterial contact and kill bacteria via enzymatic degradation

43
Q

What are cells that protect the small intestine

A

goblet cell, tight junctions, peyer’s patches, IgA, acidity, peristalsis

44
Q

What happens when the protective system of the small intestine occurs

A

IBD or Crohn’s Disease

45
Q

How does IBD occur?

A

damage to protective mechanism of SI, infiltration of neutrophils, destruction of intestinal glands, accumulation of lymphocytes

46
Q

What are major complications of IBD

A

intestinal lumen fibrosis, formation ofo fistulas

47
Q

What is Fecal Microbiota Transplant

A

fecal matter collected from doner, mixed with saline, and put back into person with problem

48
Q

What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplant

A

replace good bacteria that has been killed or suppressed causing bad bacteria to overpopulate the colon

49
Q

Major function of the enterocytes in large intestine

A

transport of ions and water

50
Q

What type of cells line the large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium and lots of goblet cells

51
Q

T/F There is an abundace of plicae circulares and intestinal villi in the large intestine

A

F, plicae circulares and intestinal villi are not found in the large intestine

52
Q

T/F Crypts of Lieberkuhn are characteristics of the large intestine

A

True

53
Q

What is the function of goblet cells

A

lubricate the mucosal surface

54
Q

Function of aldosterone on enterocytes

A

increase the number of Na+ channels and absorption of Na+

55
Q

What is in the glands of Lieberkuhn in large intestine

A

goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and stem cells

56
Q

What are the taeniae coli

A
  • characteristic feature of the large intestine

- formed by fused bundles of outer smooth muscle layer

57
Q

How are the haustra formed?

A

by contraction of the taeniae coli and circular smooth muscle layer

58
Q

Main function of appendix

A

lots of lymphoid tissue, no goblet cells, vault for good bacteria that you can use to reboot the system

59
Q

Epithelium of the rectum

A

keratinized with two regions - upper and lower

60
Q

What epithelial change occurs at the ano-rectal junction

A

simple columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium and inner circular layer thickens to form internal anal sphincter

61
Q

What type of pain is felt if you have dilation above the pectinate line?

A

visceral pains- not a lot of pain felt

62
Q

What type of pain is felt if you have dilation below the pectinate line?

A

somatic pain- skeletal muscle which causes pain

63
Q

Importantance of polyps in colorectal tumors

A

depending on where the polyps and cancer are- determines where the cancer will metastisize (ex. inferior mesenteric if sigmoid colon or L colic flexure.. superior mesenteric if R colic flexure)

GI System Midterm (7 decks)

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