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Reproduction > Histology of the Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Histology of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the ovary?

A

Produces gametes = termed oogenesis in females

Produces steroids = mainly progesterone

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2
Q

What are the different parts of the ovary?

A

Medulla and cortex

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3
Q

What are the features of the medulla of the ovary?

A

Forms core of organ = contains loose connective tissue and contorted vessels, continuous with hilum of organ

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4
Q

What are the features of the cortex of the ovary?

A

Has scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma
Outer shell is dense connective tissue layer called the tunica albuginea

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5
Q

What covers the tunica albuginea of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium = single layer of cuboidal cells

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6
Q

What enters the ovary to supply the organ with blood?

A

A group of helicine arteries = enter hilum from the broad ligament

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7
Q

When do the ovaries begin to develop?

A

Around week 6 = germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia

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8
Q

What happens to the oogonia?

A

They undergo development and division via meiosis to form mature oocytes

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9
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Development of oocytes from oogonia

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10
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

Growth of follicle = consists of oocyte and any associated support cell

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11
Q

What is atresia?

A

Loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis based process = cell is resorbed following cell death

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12
Q

What occurs in oocytes before birth?

A

Meiosis occurs but halts at prophase I

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13
Q

What happens if an oocyte undergoes further development?

A

Meiosis will restart = many oocytes will remain in dormant state for several decades

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14
Q

What happens if an oocyte fails to associate with pregranulosa cells?

A

It will die

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15
Q

What cell type are pregranulosa cells?

A

Squamous = become cuboidal if the follicle enters the growth phase

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16
Q

What are primary follicles defined by?

A

Cuboidal granulosa cells

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17
Q

What occurs in the primary follicle?

A

Stromal cells associate with the outside of the follicle and go on to form the theca folliculi

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18
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Layer of specialised extracellular matrix in oocyte = forms between oocyte and granulosa cells

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19
Q

What happens when the granulosa cell layer proliferates?

A

Inner layers of adjacent stromal cells (theca folliculi) transform to form the theca interna
Outer layers remain fibroblast-like and form the theca externa

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20
Q

What does the theca interna go on to do?

A

Secretes oestrogen precursors which will be converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

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21
Q

What happens as the follicle enlarges?

A

The antrum begins to form and enlarge in the granulosa cell layer = forms secondary follicle

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22
Q

What is the antrum filled with?

A

Follicular fluid

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23
Q

What happens overall as the follicle enlarges?

A

Antrum enlarges along with follicle, and the granulosa and thecal layers continue to proliferate

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24
Q

What are graafian follicles?

A

Largest antral follicles = up to 20mm diameter

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25
Q

What happens to the oocyte one day before ovulation?

A

Oocyte in largest graafian follicle completes meiosis 1 = produces secondary oocyte and tiny polar body

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26
Q

What does the tiny polar body carry?

A

Second nucleus = carries it away to degenerate

27
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte?

A

Begins second phase of meiosis but stops at metaphase II

28
Q

When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis?

A

Becomes fully mature oocyte after it has been released and fertilised

29
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

Transforms into a corpus luteum = theca and granulosa cells secrete oestrogens and progesterone

30
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?

A

Becomes a white coloured connective tissue called the corpus albicans

31
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if implantation occurs?

A

Placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum for a time = maintains progesterone levels to maintain pregnancy

32
Q

Why does the infundibulum move?

A

So that its opening is adjacent to the sites where the follicle ruptures

33
Q

What propels the ovum down the uterine tubes?

A

Gentle peristalsis and currents created by ciliated epithelium

34
Q

What secretes nutrients into the uterine tubes?

A

Secretory cells in the epithelium

35
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tubes = fertilised ovum is then transported to the uterus for implantation

36
Q

What are some features of the ampulla of the uterine tubes?

A

Mucosa is highly folded and lined by simple columnar epithelium with ciliated cells and secretory cells = surrounded by smooth muscle

37
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the uterine tubes?

A

2 layers in the ampulla

3 layers in the isthmus

38
Q

What is the lining of the isthmus of the uterine tubes?

A

Epithelium is mostly secretory with few ciliated cells

39
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium

40
Q

What is the endometrium of the uterus?

A

Inner secretory mucosa = mostly shed during menstruation, made up of tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma

41
Q

What is the myometrium of the uterus?

A

Coat of three layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue

42
Q

What is the perimetrium of the uterus?

A

Outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

43
Q

What is the uterus divided into?

A

Stratum functionalis = undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss
Stratum basalis = reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis

44
Q

What happens to the uterus in the proliferative phase?

A

Stratum basalis proliferates and glands, stroma and vasculature grow = increases thickness of endometrium be reconstituting stratum functionalis

45
Q

When does the proliferative phase continue until?

A

Up until about 1 day after ovulation

46
Q

What happens to the uterus during the secretory phase?

A

Glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

47
Q

What happens to the uterus during the menstrual phase?

A

Arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction = deprive tissue of blood and cause ischaemia with resultant breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing

48
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Short cylinder with a small lumen that projects into the upper vagina

49
Q

What cell type covers the cervix?

A

Mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface
Transitions to mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium

50
Q

What is the relevance of the transition zone of the cervix?

A

Common site for dysplasia = cervical cancer most frequently begins here

51
Q

What forms the endocervical glands of the cervix?

A

Deeply furrowed mucous secreting epithelium of the canal

52
Q

What do the endocervical glands secrete?

A

Varies from thin and watery secretions during the proliferative phase to thick and viscous secretions during ovulations

53
Q

What is formed when the outlets to the endocervical glands become blocked?

A

Nabothian cysts = glands expand due to blocked secretion build up

54
Q

What are the four layers of the vagina?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, fibromuscular layer and adventitia

55
Q

What happens to the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium layer of the vagina during the reproductive years?

A

Become thicker and cells enlarge due to glycogen accumulation

56
Q

What lubricates the vagina?

A

No glands in walls = lubricated by mucous from cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled vessels of the lamina propria

57
Q

How do commensal bacteria of the vagina prevent pathogenic bacterial growth?

A

Metabolise glycogen to lactic acid = inhibits pathogenic bacterial growth

58
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

Skin which contains highly oblique hair follicles = overlies a substantial subcutaneous fat pad which overlies the pubic symphysis

59
Q

What is the labia majora?

A

Extensions of the mons pubis = similar structure and rich in apocrine sweat glands

60
Q

What are some features of the labia majora?

A

Contain small smooth muscle bundles

Hair follicles only located on outer surface

61
Q

What is the labia minora?

A

Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles = rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto skin

62
Q

What cell type is present in the labia minora?

A

Keratinised epithelium extends into opening of vagina to level of hymen = transitions to non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q

What are some features of the clitoris?

A

Contains two tubes of erectile vascular tissue = corpora cavernosa
Covered by fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin
Skin has thin epidermis and rich innervation

Reproduction (62 decks)

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