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Reproduction > Anatomy of Female Reproductive System and Breast > Flashcards

Anatomy of Female Reproductive System and Breast Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the female reproductive system lie?

A

Within the bony pelvis and perineum

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2
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system found in the pelvic cavity?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, superior vagina

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3
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive system found in the perineum?

A

Inferior vagina, perineal muscles, Bartholin’s glands, clitoris, labia

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4
Q

What does the inferior part of the parietal peritoneum form?

A

Floor of peritoneal cavity and roof over pelvic organs

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5
Q

What does the peritoneum cover?

A

Superior aspect organs

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6
Q

What pouches are formed by the peritoneum?

A

Vesico-uterine pouch and recto-uterine pouch (of Douglas)

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7
Q

Why does excess fluid within the peritoneal cavity tend to collect within the pouch of Douglas?

A

It’s the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity in the anatomical position

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8
Q

How can fluid collection in the pouch of Douglas be drained?

A

Via a needle passed though the posterior fornix of the vagina

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9
Q

What is the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Double layer of peritoneum = extends between uterus and lateral walls and floor of pelvis

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Helps maintain uterus in its correct midline position

Contains uterine tubes and proximal part of round ligament

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11
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

Embryological remnant = attaches to lateral aspect of uterus

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12
Q

What does the round ligament of the uterus pass through?

A

Passes through deep inguinal ring to attach to superficial tissue of the female perineum

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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14
Q

Where does implantation of the zygote occur?

A

In the body of the uterus

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15
Q

What are the three levels of support that hold the uterus in place?

A

Number of strong ligaments (e.g uterosacral ligament)
Endopelvic fascia
Muscles of pelvic floor

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16
Q

What can weakness of the uterine supports cause?

A

Uterine prolapse = movement of the uterus inferiorly

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17
Q

What is the most common position for the uterus to be in?

A

Anteverted and anteflexed

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18
Q

What is an anteverted uterine position?

A

Cervix tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

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19
Q

What is anteflexed uterine position?

A

Uterus tipped anteriorly relative to the axis of the cervix

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20
Q

What is a normal variation of the position of the uterus?

A

Retroverted and retroflexed

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21
Q

What is a retroverted uterine position?

A

Cervix tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of the vagina

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22
Q

What is a retroflexed uterine position?

A

Uterus tipped posteriorly relative to the axis of cervix

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23
Q

What are some features of a cervical screening?

A

Walls of the vagina are usually collapsed
Clinician must be able to see cervix
Must sample the squamocolumnar junction

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24
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tubes

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25
Q

Do the uterine tubes lie symmetrically?

A

No, not usually

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26
Q

What is a bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy?

A

Removal of the uterine tubes and ovaries

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27
Q

Where do the fimbriated ends of the uterine tubes open into?

A

The peritoneal cavity = allows communication between genital tract and peritoneal cavity

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28
Q

What does the communication between the uterine tubes and the peritoneal cavity mean?

A

Infection can pass between the two areas = pelvic inflammatory disease can cause peritonitis, ectopic pregnancy can develop into peritoneal cavity

29
Q

What size are the ovaries?

A

Almond sized and shaped = located laterally in pelvic cavity

30
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone = occurs in response to LH and FSH

31
Q

Where do the ovaries develop?

A

On posterior abdominal wall = move onto lateral wall of the pelvis

32
Q

What do the ovaries do in post-pubertal women?

A

Release an ovum once a month directly into the peritoneal cavity to be picked up by the fimbriae of the uterine tube

33
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Muscular tube = walls are normally in contact

34
Q

Where are the walls of the vagina always held apart?

A

In the superior aspect = held apart by cervix to form fornix

35
Q

What are the parts of the fornix?

A

Anterior, posterior, lateral x2

36
Q

Where can the ischial spines be palpated during a vaginal digital examination?

A

Laterally and in the 4 and 8 o’clock positions

37
Q

How is the position of the uterus palpated during a vaginal digital examination?

A

Assessed by bimanual palpation

38
Q

What is palpated in a palpation of the adnexae during a vaginal digital examination?

A

Uterine tubes and ovaries = can detect large masses or tenderness affecting these structures

39
Q

How are the adnexae palpated?

A

Place examining fingers into lateral fornix and press deeply with other hand in iliac fossa on same side = repeat on other side

40
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Shallow space between pelvic diaphragm and skin = divided into superficial and deep pouches

41
Q

What does the pelvic diaphragm form?

A

The floor of the pelvis but the roof of the perineum

42
Q

Where are the openings of the perineum located?

A

In the pelvic floor

43
Q

What structures make up the urogenital triangle?

A

Ischial spine x2 and pubic symphysis

44
Q

What structures make up the anal triangle?

A

Ischial spine x2 and the coccyx

45
Q

What is the levator ani?

A

Skeletal muscle = made up of smaller muscles, under voluntary control

46
Q

What does the levator ani form?

A

Majority of the pelvic floor

47
Q

What is the function of the levator ani?

A

Provides continual support for pelvic organs = tonic contraction, reflexively contracts further during situations of increased intra-abdominal pressure

48
Q

What nerve innervates the levator ani?

A

Nerve to levator ani = consists of S3-5 and sacral plexus fibres

49
Q

What are some features of the perineal muscles?

A

Superficial and deep

Supplied by pudendal nerve

50
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

Bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue into which perineal muscles attach = located just deep to skin

51
Q

What is the function of the perineal body?

A

Important to pelvic floor strength = can be disrupted during labour

52
Q

Where is the Bartholin’s gland located?

A

Under the labia minus on either side

53
Q

Where does the bed of the breast extend?

A

From ribs 2-6

Lateral border of sternum to mid-axillary line

54
Q

Where do the breasts lie?

A

On deep fascia covering pectoralis major and serratus anterior

55
Q

Where is the retromammary space located?

A

Between fascia and breast

56
Q

What attaches the breast to the skin?

A

Suspensory ligaments

57
Q

What are the quadrants of the breast?

A

Upper outer, upper inner, lower outer, lower inner

58
Q

How is the position of a lump on the breast described?

A

In relation to the 4 quadrants or a clock face

59
Q

How do you assess whether a lump on the breast is fixed to underlying tissue?

A

Ask the patient to place hands firmly on hips = contracts the pectoral muscles

60
Q

What areas should be assessed of you find a lump on the breast?

A

Both the axilla and supraclavicular areas

61
Q

Where does most lymph from the breast drain to?

A

> 75% drains to ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes then to the supraclavicular nodes

62
Q

Where can lymph from the inner breast quadrants drain to?

A

Parasternal lymph nodes

63
Q

Where can lymph from the lower inner breast drain to?

A

Abdominal lymph nodes

64
Q

What other body parts drain their lymph into the axillary nodes?

A

The upper limbs

65
Q

What is the axilla?

A

Pyramidal passageway between arm and chest

66
Q

What does the axilla contain?

A

Brachial plexus branches, axillary artery and vein, axillary lymph nodes

67
Q

What do breast surgeons use levels of axillary node clearance to describe?

A

The extent of axillary node clearance

68
Q

What is the position of each level of axillary node clearance described in relation to?

A

Pectoralis minor

69
Q

What are the levels of axillary node clearance?

A

Level I = inferior and lateral to pectoralis minor
Level II = deep to pectoralis minor
Level III = superior and medial to pectoralis minor

Reproduction (62 decks)

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