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Reproduction > Embryology of the Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Embryology of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What does gastrulation lead to?

A

Formation of the trilaminar disc

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2
Q

What occurs in gastrulation?

A

Invagination of the epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form the definitive endoderm and mesoderm

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3
Q

How is the mesoderm organised?

A

Into 3 main groups = paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate

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4
Q

What is special about the urogenital system?

A

Made from two functionally distinct systems which are developmentally and anatomically interwoven

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5
Q

What do the urinary and genital systems arise from?

A

The intermediate mesoderm

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6
Q

Where do the excretory ducts of the urogenital system enter?

A

A common cavity called the cloaca

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7
Q

What happens to the primordial germ cells in weeks 4-6?

A

Primordial germ cells within the yolk sac migrate via dorsal mesentery to the intermediate mesoderm

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8
Q

How are the genital ridges formed?

A

From the proliferation and thickening of the coelomic epithelium

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9
Q

How are the primitive sex cords formed?

A

The proliferating coelomic epithelium forms somatic support cells which envelop primordial germ cells

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10
Q

What happens in the bipotential phase?

A

Development of the genital ducts = mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

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11
Q

Where do both genital ducts connect to?

A

The posterior wall of the urogenital sinus

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12
Q

What makes up the bipotential phase?

A

Genital ducts and indifferent gonads

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13
Q

When does sexual differentiation occur?

A

From week 7 onwards

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14
Q

What triggers development of the male genital system?

A

Presence of SRY transcription factor

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15
Q

What do somatic support cells develop into in males?

A

Sertoli cells

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16
Q

What do the primary sex cords form in males?

A

Testis/medullary cords = engulf the primordial germ cells

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17
Q

What do the rete testis connect?

A

The mesonephric tubules to the testis cords

18
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Thickened layer of connective tissue between the coelomic epithelium and testis cords

19
Q

What do sertoli cells secrete?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone = causes degeneration of the paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

20
Q

What stimulates gonadal ridge cells to form leydig cells?

A

Sertoli cells

21
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone = induces formation of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicle

22
Q

What does dihydrotestosterone induce?

A

Development of male specific external genitalia and prostate

23
Q

What causes persistent Mullerian duct syndrome?

A

Mutations of AMH or AMH receptor genes = Mullerian ducts fail to regress

24
Q

How does persistent Mullerian duct syndrome present?

A

Present with uterus, vagina and uterine tubes
Testes are in ovarian location
Have male external genitalia

25
Q

Where do the testes originate before they descend?

A

Originate at 10th thoracic level and are pulled caudally by the gubernaculum

26
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Failure of one or both testes to descend

27
Q

What causes development of female genital system?

A

Absence of SRY transcription factor

28
Q

What do germ cells differentiate into in females?

A

Oogonia and then into primary oocytes

29
Q

What do somatic support cells differentiation into in females?

A

Granulosa cells which then go on to surround the primary oocytes = forms primordial follicles and thecal cells

30
Q

What forms the primordial follicles and thecal cells?

A

Female gonad

31
Q

What do influences of the ovarian oestrogens and from maternal sources stimulate?

A

Formation of the female external genitalia and development of the paramesonephric (Wolffian) ducts

32
Q

What do the Mullerian ducts give rise to in females?

A

Uterine tubes, uterus and superior vagina

33
Q

What are the three parts of the Mullerian duct?

A

Cranial portion = opens into coelomic cavity
Horizontal portion = crosses mesonephric duct
Caudal portion = fuses with Mullerian duct on opposite side

34
Q

What forms the uterovaginal canal?

A

Fused caudal portion of the Mullerian ducts = gives rise to uterus and superior vagina

35
Q

How is the vaginal lumen created?

A

By vacuolisation of the Mullerian portion of the vagina and the sinuvaginal bulbs = produces the fornices

36
Q

What are some abnormalities of the female genital system?

A

Double uterus and double vagina
Double uterus, bicornate uterus or septated uterus
Unicornate uterus or cervical atresia

37
Q

What is the indifferent stage of external genitalia development?

A

Between week 4-7 the external genitalia are indistinguishable

38
Q

How does the spongy urethral form?

A

By proximal to distal zipping of urethral groove

39
Q

What is present at the tip of the glans?

A

Ectodermal ingrowth which meets the spongy urethra

40
Q

How is the foreskin formed?

A

By circular ingrowth of ectoderm around the periphery of the glans = occurs in week 12

41
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

External urethral opening lies in abnormal position along ventral aspect of penis = occurs with varying degrees of severity

Reproduction (62 decks)

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