Histology of Nerve (use notes and tophat)

Question 1

Structures of PNS vs CNS

Answer 1

CNS - brain, optic nerve, spinal cord, BS, cerebellum
PNS - nerves, ganglia, neurons outside CNS

Question 2

Somatic sensation

Answer 2

touch, pain, vibration, proprioception

Question 3

Enteric nervous system vs visceral nervous system

Answer 3

enteric regulates the movement of water and electrolytes in the gut, whereas the visceral nervous system is stretch, nausea, and temperature of stomach. Both are involuntary

Question 4

Which type of axon is unmyelinated?

Answer 4

C type

Question 5

What are some demyelinating diseases?

Answer 5

multiple sclerosis, guillen barre, charcot marie tooth, PML

Question 6

What are the neuron morphologies and their functions?

Answer 6

Bipolar: special senses, Multipolar: motor and interneurons, Pseudounipolar: sensory neurons in ganglia

Question 7

Functions of CNS glia: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia.

Answer 7

Astrocytes = fibrous, maintain BBB, move metabolites, and modulate neuronal activity
Microglia = phagocytes of CNS
Oligodendrocytes = make CNS myelin
Ependymal cells = epithelial lining of ventricles that have choroid and cilia that produce CSF

Question 8

Where’s flow CSF?

Answer 8

4th ventricle> subarachnoid space> canal of spinal cord

Question 9

What’s function and structure of BBB?

Answer 9

filters and maintains water/ions of CNS. Made of a bunch of tight junctions and pericytes. Diseases involved: meningitis, HIV encephalitis, rabies, Alzheimer’s

Question 10

Glial cells of the PNS

Answer 10

Schwann cell which makes myelin and satellite which does metabolic exchange

Question 11

What are the cholinergic and adrenergic receptors?

Answer 11

Cholinergic: nicotinic and muscarinic
Adrenergic: alpha = NE, EP
beta = EP, NE

Question 12

What are the two neurons and ganglionic of sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 12

1st neuron comes from IML of T1-L2, 2nd neuron is ganglia. Pre ganglionic fibers = white, post are gray

Question 13

What are PNS neurons/ fibers?

Answer 13

1st neurons are cranial and sacral (S2-S4). 2nd neuron is ganglia near effector organ. Pre synaptic fibers are sacral such as splanchnic

Question 14

This NT is in all autonomic preganglionic neurons, parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, and NMJ

Answer 14

Acetylcholine

Question 15

This NT is a monoamine, most sympathetic postganglionic except sweat glands and renal artery

Answer 15

Norepinephrine

Question 16

This NT binds to adrenal medulla chromaffin cells

Answer 16

Epinephrine

Question 17

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

Question 18

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

Answer 18

target organs receiving parasympathetic innervation

Question 19

Where can you find the alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?

Answer 19

a1 - vascualr smooth muscle/sphincters
a2 - nerve endings
B1 - heart
B2 - vascular/ non vascular smooth muscle

Question 20

What causes NMJ transmission disorders?

Answer 20

Interruption of presynaptic release of acetylcholine, blocking of post synaptic receptors, or too much acetylcholine

Question 21

What are the two divisions of the nervous system (not PNS and CNS)?

Answer 21

Sensory Division - can be somatic which is perceived consciously or visceral which is not perceived consciously
Motor Division - can be somatic which is voluntary and autonomic which is involuntary motor (parasympathetic- near organ or sympathetic- close to CNS)

Question 22

What are some symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Answer 22

fatigue, vision problems, numbness, muscle spasms, pain, depression

Question 23

What are symptoms of diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 23

numbness, sharp pain, reduced ability to feel temp, increased sensitivity

Question 24

What is multiple sclerosis?

Answer 24

Autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and demyelination of CNS due to damaged oligodendrocytes

Question 25

What is diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 25

High blood glucose injures nerves, impaired axon growth leading to usually pain and numbness in legs and feet. Due to Schwann cell dysfunction