Ankle, Leg, Foot

Question 1

What are the 7 tarsals starting most proximal to distal?

Answer 1

talus and calcaneus, then navicular, cuniforms (LIM), and cuboid

Question 2

What allows foot to absorb shock and spring?

Answer 2

arches of foot

Question 3

What maintains the arches of the foot?

Answer 3

Passive support - determined by wedge shape of tarsal bones, plantar ligaments, and plantar aponeurosis
Dynamic support - from tendons of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior

Question 4

What kind of joint is ankle?

Answer 4

hinge made from lower end of tibia and lateral fibula, below talus. It does dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 5

What are the medial ligaments of the ankle (deltoid ligament)

Answer 5

Tibiocalcaneal ligament, posterior tibiotalar ligament, tibionavicular ligament and anterior tibiotalar ligament

Question 6

What are the three lateral ligaments and which is the weakest?

Answer 6

posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and anterior talofibular which is weakest (inversion injury or sprained ankle)

Question 7

What causes forced eversion or Pott’s fractures?

Answer 7

dislocations or avulses the medial
malleolus (deltoid ligament) and after that fibula fractures superior to the tibiofibular

Question 8

What movements does talocalcaneal joint do?

Answer 8

rotation, glide,

Question 9

Which muscles are in anterior leg, their functions and supplies?

Answer 9

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius. They do dorsiflexion and extend toes. Supplied by deep fibular nerve and anterior tibial artery

Question 10

What are attachments of tibialis anterior?

Answer 10

lateral tibia/interosseous membrane to base of 1st metatarsal

Question 11

Where does extensor digitorum longus attach?

Answer 11

lateral condyle of tibia and middle/distal phalanges of 2nd to 5th digits

Question 12

Where does extensor hallucis longus attach?

Answer 12

middle fibula and distal phalanx of hallux

Question 13

Where does fibularis tertius attach?

Answer 13

inferior third of fibula and base of 5th metatarsal

Question 14

What causes shin splints?

Answer 14

small tears in periosteum along tibial shaft caused by overexertion of leg muscles

Question 15

Which muscles are part of lateral leg, their function, and supplies?

Answer 15

fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, innervated by superficial fibular nerve, supplied by fibular artery, and perform eversion

Question 16

What are attachments of fibularis longus and brevis?

Answer 16

Fibularis longus attaches to head of fibula and base of first metatarsal
Fibularis brevis attaches to distal lateral shaft of fibula and tuberosity of 5th metatarsal

Question 17

What muscles make up superficial posterior muscles, their actions, and supplies?

Answer 17

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, which do plantarflexion of ankle. Innervated by tibial nerve and supplied by posterior tibial, fibular and popiteal artery

Question 18

What muscles are part of deep posterior?

Answer 18

flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior

Question 19

What are attachments and actions of gastrocnemius?

Answer 19

lateral condyles of femur and calcaneus, does plantarflexion and flex the knee

Question 20

What passes between the two heads of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 20

small saphenous vein and sural nerve

Question 21

What are attachments and actions of soleus?

Answer 21

posterior fibula and calcaneous, does plantarflexion

Question 22

What are attachments and actions of plantaris?

Answer 22

lateral supracondylar line of femur and calcaneous. Does weak plantarflexion of ankle

Question 23

Strongest tendon in body that connects gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris to calcaneus

Answer 23

Calcaneal tendon which is important for walking and jumping

Question 24

What are attachments and functions of tibialis posterior?

Answer 24

attaches to posterior tibia/fibula and distal tarsals. Does plantarfelxion and inverts foot

Question 25

What are attachments of flexor digitorum longus and actions?

Answer 25

attaches to posterior tibia and distal phalanges of 2nd-5th does plantarflexion

Question 26

What are attachments and actions of flexor hallucis longus?

Answer 26

attaches to distal posterior fibula and base of distal phalanx of first digit. Does flexion of hallux, plantarflexes ankle

Question 27

What passes through tarsal tunnel?

Answer 27

tibialis posterior tendon, Flexor digitorum longus tendon, posterior tibial artery, posterior tibial vein, tibial nerve, and flexor hallucis longus tendon

Question 28

What are the attachments of the popliteus and it’s functions?

Answer 28

lateral condyle of femur and posterior tibia, does weak flexion of knee and unlocks kne joint

Question 29

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 29

inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis causing severe pain in the sole of the foot

Question 30

Calcaneal spur

Answer 30

ossification in the posterior attachment (calcaneum) of the plantar aponeurosis.

Question 31

What is in first layer of the feet?

Answer 31

abductor hallucis , flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi

Question 32

What is in second layer of feet?

Answer 32

quadratus plantae and lumbricals

Question 33

What is in third layer of the feet?

Answer 33

flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 34

What is in the 4th layer of the feet?

Answer 34

plantar interossrei and dorsal interossei

Question 35

What are arteries of leg and foot?

Answer 35

also dorsalis pedis and anterior tibial posteriorly

Question 36

Where can you feel dorsalis pedis pulse?

Answer 36

between tendons of extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus

Question 37

What happens in common fibular injury?

Answer 37

breakage of neck of fibula can cause impairment of foot eversion, ankle dorsiflexion, and toe extension

Question 38

What does medial plantar nerve innervate?

Answer 38

MuscularlyL abductor hallucis , flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, first lumbrical
Cutaneously: medial sole, dorsum of phalanges

Question 39

what are foot cutaneous innervations

Answer 39