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Cells to Tissues > Histology of Blood Cells > Flashcards

Histology of Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

If you see a lobed nucleus, it must be a ______.

A

Granulocyte

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2
Q

What are the categories of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes (segmented cells)

Agranulocytes

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3
Q

What type of cell is large and has a very single prominent nucleus/almost no cytoplasm?

A

Lymphocyte

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4
Q

What type of cell is large and has a prominent single nucleus with a moderate amount of cytoplasm?

A

Monocyte

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5
Q

What type of cell has a 4-lobed nucleus? What larger group does it belong to?

A

Neutrophil, granulocyte

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6
Q

What is the most numerous GRANULOCYTE in normal peripheral blood?

A

Neutrophil

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7
Q

What is the most numerous CELL in the normal peripheral blood?

A

RBC

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8
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Slighlty viscous, connective tissue

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9
Q

What is the total blood volume of an average adult?

A

~6 L

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10
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. To maintain the microenvironment of the cells (e.g. pH, ionic content, etc.)
  2. Move cells
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11
Q

What are the most common veins for blood draws?

A

First choice: Median cubital vein

Second choice: Cephalic vein

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12
Q

What results from collecting blood in a tube without anticoagulant?

A

Coagulated blood results in clumped cells in serum

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13
Q

What results from collecting blood in a tube with anticoagulant?

A

RBCs will go to bottom of tube (packed red blood cells) after centrifugation

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14
Q

What is a typical hematocrit for women?

A

30-45%

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15
Q

What is a typical hematocrit for men?

A

40-50%

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16
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

~1% of the volume of an anti-coagulant tube of blood of centrifugation. Made up of white blood cells, sits on top of packed RBCs.

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17
Q

Where are the platelets in a centrifuged tube of blood?

A

Wayyy less than 1% of the total volume, sits on top of the buffy coat.

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18
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

90% water
9% protein (albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, plasma lipoproteins, complement)
1% blood electrolytes, glucose, gases, hormones, etc.

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19
Q

What data do you obtain from a CBC (complete blood count)?

A
  1. Hemoglobin (g/dL)

2. % RBCS, morphology, reticulocyte count (

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20
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

Immature RBCs

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21
Q

What scientific tool is used to measure the relative numbers/morphologies of cells in a sample of blood?

A

Flow cytometry

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22
Q

In flow cytometry, what does side scatter tell you?

A

Granularity

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23
Q

In flow cytometry, what does forward scatter tell you?

A

Size

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24
Q

Variation in relative _____ or ______ can indicate pathology or disease.

A

proportions, morphology

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25
Q

Describe the hierarchy/break down of types of “things” in the blood

A

Add pic

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Stem cells

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28
Q

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

A

~120 days

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29
Q

What percentage of our peripheral blood is RBCs?

A

99%

5 million/uL blood

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30
Q

Describe the shape/appearance of

A

Biconcave disc shape enhances surface area for oxygen binding

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31
Q

Do RBCs have a nucleus?

A

No!!

32
Q

What are the relative percentages of white blood cells in the blood?

A

NLMEB (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

Neutrophil (60%)
Lymphocyte (25%)
Monocyte (3-8%)
Eosinophil (1-3%)
Basophil (less than 1%)
33
Q

What are some nicknames for neutrophils?

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil, PMN, Poly

34
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Function as aggressive phagocytes: body’s first line of defense

35
Q

What are immature neutrophils called?

A

“Band cells” only about 2%, has only 2 lobes of nucleus

36
Q

How do neutrophils behave?

A

Less than 1 day in the blood…then move into connective tissue for several days to eat shit

37
Q

In addition to the blood, where do neutrophils reside?

A

About 10x as many in the bone marrow

About equal amount in marginated cells.

38
Q

What is the connective tissue surrounding blood vessels?

A

Intersititum

39
Q

What are the steps of WBC extravsation?

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Activation and adhesion
  3. Lateral migration
  4. Diapedesis
40
Q

What are the the 3 mechanisms of diapedesis?

A
  1. Extravasation
  2. Paracellular diapedesis (between endothelial cells)
  3. Transcellular (migration through a pore)
41
Q

Describe the morphology of a neutrophil.

A 
Segmented nucleus (2-6 = normal)
9-12 um in diameter
Barr body (inactivated x chromosome in women)
42
Q

What are the components/types of granules in neutrophils?

A
  1. Azurophilic (lysosomes)
  2. Cell-specific: enzymes and antimicrobial agents
  3. Tertiary: gelatinases and collagenases allow migration
43
Q

How do neutrophils work?

A

Bind specific bacteria via cell-surface receptors. This binding activates phagocytosis of the foreign agent -> creation of a phagosome.

44
Q

What do the tertiary granules in neutrophils do?

A

Digest extracellular matrix and collagen. Chemotaxic migration to target

45
Q

What do neutrophils secrete?

A

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a pyrogen (i.e. fever-inducing)

46
Q

What do specific granules in neutrophils do?

A

Kill bacteria with enzymes and ROS.

47
Q

What do azurophilic granules in neutrophils do?

A

Lysosomal enzymes digest bacteria

48
Q

What does a dead neutrophil containing its semidigested material turn into?

A

PUS! ew.

49
Q

What is a nickname for eosinophils?

A

PME

50
Q

What does eosinophils do? How long do they last?

A

Respond to allergies and inflammation or parasitic infections.

Circulate less than one day, then spend about 2 weeks in connective tissue.

51
Q

What is eosinophil morphology?

A

About 10-14 um in diameter
Segmented (bilobed) nucleus

Granules:

  1. Azurophilic: lysosomes
  2. Specific eosinophilic granules (uniform and refractive).
52
Q

What is a unique feature of eosinophilic granules

A

Dark center: internum

Lighter region outside: exeternum

53
Q

What are the components of the eosinophil granule internum?

A

Basic protein, cationic protein, parasitic neurotoxins, electron-dense crystalloid body

54
Q

What are the components of the eosinophil granule externum?

A

Aryl sulfatase, histaminase, acid phosphatase

55
Q

What is a nickname for basophils?

A

PMB

56
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Responsible for vacular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity and anphylaxis; constriction of pulmonary smooth muscle

57
Q

What effects can basophil granules have on blood vessels?

A

Widespread vasodilation

Decrease in blood volume due to blood vessel leakiness.

58
Q

Describe basophil morphology.

A

8-10 um in diameter
Segmented (bilobed) nucleus.

Granules:

  1. Azurophilic: lysosomes
  2. Specific: histamine, heparin, eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxic factors
59
Q

What type of cell found in connective tissue shares a progenitor cell with the basophil?

A

Mast cell

60
Q

Describe monocyte morphology.

A

12-18 um in diameter

61
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Spend 1-4 days in circulation then differentiate into various phagocytes of the “mononuclear phagocyte system”…garbage collectors of the tissue

62
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The process by which cells move from blood circulation into tissues.

63
Q

Monocytes tend to be elevated in what type of disease?

A

Chronic infection.

64
Q

Can monocytes act as antigen-presenting cells?

A

Yes

65
Q

What is the morphology of a lymphocyte?

A

7-10 um usually but can be up to 18 um

66
Q

What is unique about lymphocytes?

A

They can leave and enter circulation multiple times

67
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Made in the bone marrow and then become immunocompetent in the thymus. Are pre-programmed to respond to 1-2 antigenic epitopes.

68
Q

What are stimulated/activated B-cells called?

A

Plasma cells

69
Q

Can lymphocytes undergo proliferation out in the body?

A

Yes! They circulate until stimulated/activated by an antigen.

70
Q

Lymphocytes are part of both the _____ and ___-mediated response systems.

A

Humoral and cell-mediated

71
Q

What are platelets?

A

Nonnucleated cell fragment of the megakaryocyte

72
Q

What are the parts of a platelet?

A

Granulomere (center: alpha granules, fibrinogen, PDGF, coag factors)
Hyalomere (periphery: actin and myosin)

Glycocalyx allows recognition

73
Q

What are the function of the hyalomere in a platelet?

A

After an endothelium has been healed, the actin and myosin retracts the clot from the former wound.

Also contains cannaliculi (open channels). It serves as a collection of reserve membrane.

74
Q

What is the function of the granulomere in a platelet?

A

alpha granules: fibrinogen, PDGF
delta granules: secondary aggregation
lambda granules: lysosomes to break up clot at end

75
Q

Which type of blood cell(s) have little to no roll outside of the blood?

A

RBC and basophils

Cells to Tissues (23 decks)

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