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Cells to Tissues > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 fiber types of the ECM? How do they stain?

A

Collagen
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

All stain eosinophilic

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2
Q

Bundles of collagen fibrils make up a single collagen _____.

A

Fiber

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3
Q

What cells produce the matrix of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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4
Q

What type of fiber can stain black (agyrophilic) with a special silver stain?

A

Reticular fibers because they have a special coat of glycoproteins and proteoglycans.

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5
Q

What type of collagen makes up reticular fibers?

A

Type III

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6
Q

What does the fine network of reticular fibers in the liver do?

A

Bind the connective tissue (stroma) to the parenchymal cells.

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7
Q

What type of fiber stains black with a Verhoeff’s stain?

A

Elastin fibers

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8
Q

Where do you find elastic fibers?

A

Surrounding blood vessels

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9
Q

Who are adipocyte organized?

A

Surrounded in clumps of septa - flat plates of dense connective tissue - that carry blood vessels.

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10
Q

What cell type is unilocular? Multilocular?

A 
Unilocular = white cells 
Mulitlocular = brown
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11
Q

What is the function of brown cells?

A

Generate heat

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12
Q

What shape do fibroblasts have?

A

Fusiform

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13
Q

What are the type of general connective tissue?

A

Loose (areolar)

Dense irregular

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14
Q

What are the types of special connective tissues?

A 
Dense regular
Bone
Cartilage
Reticular
Adipose
Blood
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15
Q

Loose connective tissue has ____ fibers and _____ cells. Dense irregular connective tissue has _____ fibers and _____ cells.

A

Thin, many

Thick, few

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16
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells give rise to.

A 
Fibroblast
Chondroblast
Osteoblast
Reticular cell
Adipocyte
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17
Q

What are fibrocytes?

A

Fibroblasts residing in older established connective tissue that his much lower levels of activity.

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18
Q

What is the primary fiber type surrounding adipocytes?

A

Reticular fibers

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19
Q

What is in the interior of an adipocyte?

A

A single lipid droplet that can grow or shrink

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20
Q

How do brown fat cells generate heat?

A

Thermogenin (aka UCP1) a membrane protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane uncouples oxidation from phosphorylation, releasing energy as heat.

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21
Q

Phagocytic activity of macrophages is mediated by what?

A

Immunoglobulins and the serum complement system.

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22
Q

Macrophages have matured what what hematopoietic cell

A

Monocyte

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23
Q

What is the life cycle of a macrophage?

A

40 hours in circulation-> several months or more in the tissue and can still undergo mitosis

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24
Q

What are antigen-presenting cells?

A

A type of cell (e.g. macrophages) that ingest foreign material and then “present” it on their surface to encourage activation of lymphocytes in the immune response.

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25
Q

What are MALT cells?

A

The only type of lymphocyte present in high numbers in a normal (i.e. not pathological) state.

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26
Q

What does the plasma cell do?

A

When stimulated, it ramps up production of antibodies against the antigen that stimulated its proliferation.

27
Q

Describe mast cells.

A

Mast cells are related to basophils and IgE. They reside in the peripheral blood compartment along the arterial side of blood vessels. When stimulated by an antigen, they release a vast number of inflammatory and chemotaxic agents.

28
Q

What are 7 substances in granules secreted by mast cells?

A 
Heparin
Histamine
Tryptase
Superoxide dismutase
Aryl sulfatase
Leukotrienes
29
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Interfibrilla soluble complexes of long carbohydrate polymers linked to proteins. They attract and bind water, connecting cells and fibers.

30
Q

Do fibroblasts produce both connective tissue fibers and ground substance?

A

Yes

31
Q

What is the basic structure of collagen?

A

Three polypeptide alpha chains (30 diff kinds) twisted around each other to form triple helices.

32
Q

What type of collagen is type IV?

A

Non-fibrillar

33
Q

What collagen types are fibrillar?

A

I, II, III, V, VII

34
Q

What is the most common and abundant type of fiber in CT?

A

Type I collagen

35
Q

What molecules make up collagen fibrils?

A

Tropocollagen molecules arranged in a staggered array (produces a banded appearance)

36
Q

What is the major collagen type of the basal/external lamina?

A

Type IV

37
Q

What collagen type makes up reticular fibers?

A

Type III

38
Q

What collagen type binds Type III reticular fibers to the the Type IV basal lamina?

A

Type VII

39
Q

What is the structure/formation of elastic fibers?

A

Elastic fibers are made of the glycoprotein, elastin. They are surrounded by a scaffold of very small fibrils containing fibrillin protein.

40
Q

What are the 3 primary components of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

41
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Linear polyanion chains made of repeating disaccharide units. Responsible for the hydrated gel-like nature of the ECM

42
Q

How do GAGs stain?

A

Basophilic due to the large number of anions present in the carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfate groups.

43
Q

All GAGs except hyaluronic acid occur covalently linked to linear proteins to form ________.

A

Proteoglycans

44
Q

What are 4 major GAGs?

A

Hyaluronic acid
Dermatan sulfate
Heparin
Keratin sulfate

45
Q

What is aggrecan?

A

The predominant proteoglycan in cartilage. Combined with hyaluronic acid it gives cartilage its physical properties.

46
Q

What makes glycoproteins different from proteoglycans?

A

The protein moiety predominates.

47
Q

What do glycoproteins do?

A

Mediation of cell adhesion and migration.

48
Q

What are 3 common glycoproteins and where do they exist?

A
  1. Fibronectin (surface molecule for adhesion, motility, growth)
  2. Laminin (basement membranes)
  3. Chondronectin (cartilage)
49
Q

What is the difference between dense irregular and dense regular tissue?

A

Dense irregular = random 3D array.

Dense regular = lined up fibers organized in one direction.

50
Q

What is the name for the collagen triple helix?

A

Procollagen

51
Q

How is tropocollagen formed?

A

Ends of procollagen are trimmed off and secreted into ECM.

52
Q

How does type II collagen organize?

A

It doesn’t really. Its just a mess of weirdly oriented bits, not proper fibers.

53
Q

What is the major collagen type of cartilage?

A

Type II

54
Q

Is type III collagen flexible?

A

Yes!

55
Q

Is type I collagen flexible/extensible?

A

No

56
Q

Are elastin fibers hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

57
Q

How does elastin appear in its relaxed state?

A

Curled and aggregated

58
Q

How big is hyaluronic acid?

A

HUGE

59
Q

In the presence of water, GAGs help form a _____ shell.

A

Hydration

60
Q

On what do macrophages place the signature epitope/AA sequence of a pathogen?

A

MHC II receptor

61
Q

How do plasma cells appear histologically?

A

Thin basophilic rim. Inside has basophilic granules with a small clear/pale portion inside called the cytocentrum where the golgi apparatus is.

62
Q

When a mast cell’s IgE encounters a pathogen, what happens?

A

The many many granules inside fuse with one another and compound exocytosis/degranulation occurs.

63
Q

Mast cell granules are chemoattractant for…

A

neutrophils and eosinophils

64
Q

Although eosinophils themselves are inflammatory they also release ______ substances.

A

anti-inflammatory

Cells to Tissues (23 decks)

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