Bone histogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What bones form via intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the skull and face (e.g. mandible and clavicle)

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2
Q

What is endochondral osteogenesis?

A

Cartilage provides a provisional matrix to be eroded and replaced with mature bone

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3
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous bone formation?

A
  1. Formation of well-vascularized connective tissue
  2. Transformation of mesenchymal cells to basophilic osteoblasts (bone blastema)
    producing an eosinophilic osteoid matrix
  3. Modeling/shaping of bone as fetus grows (osteoclasts/osteoblasts)
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4
Q

How will bone stain?

A

Eosinophilic

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5
Q

How will calcified cartilage stain?

A

Basophilic

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6
Q

What are the 2 phases of bone formation?

A
  1. Matrix (osteoid) formation

2. Mineralization

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7
Q

What is the osteoid seam?

A

The layer between osteoblasts and mineralized matrix.

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8
Q

What is the name of the first bone to appear? What replaces it?

A

Woven, primary bone.

Later replaced by lamellar, secondary bone.

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9
Q

How does primary bone differ from secondary bone?

A

Less mineralized, more cellular than mature bone

Grows more rapidly

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10
Q

What are the steps of endochondral bone formation?

A
  1. Hypertrophy of chondrocytes in the central portion: matrix vesicles and type X collagen
  2. Formation of the bone collar between the periosteum and the bone shaft
  3. Calcification and condensing of cartilage matrix -> apoptosis of chondrocytes -> calcified cartilage
  4. Invasion of blood vessels (periosteal/osteogenic bud) OPCs and HPCs form the primary ossification center
  5. OPCs differentiate into osteoblasts, lay down bone matrix on calcified cartilage scaffoldC
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11
Q

How do chondrocytes lead to their own death?

A

Secrete pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphatase which increase overall posphate ions.

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12
Q

What do matrix vesicles do?

A

Form mineral crystals in endochondral bone mineralization

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13
Q

What does type X collagen do?

A

Binds mineral crystals together in endochondral bone mineralization.

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14
Q

Can secondary centers of ossification occur?

A

Postnatally in long bones

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15
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

The region of hyaline cartilage remaining between the primary and secondary centers.

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16
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The long shaft of bone

17
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The ends of bone

18
Q

At the epiphyseal plate, endochondral bone is deposited on the _______ side of the plate.

A

Diaphysis

19
Q

What is a bone callus?

A

In healing bone the initial repair tissue is of greater diameter than the original bone shaft to compensate for the relative weakness of woven bone. It will be removed as the bone is remodeled to lamellar bone.

20
Q

What is a normal bone loss in men and women?

A

0.2-0.5% until up to 5% in menopausal women

21
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A condition where the body fails to form enough new bone or too much is resorbed by the body (or both).

22
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Drop in estrogen and testosterone levels