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Cells to Tissues > Bone Marrow and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Bone Marrow and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Contrary to as in other cell types, in blood precursor cells the nucleolus stains _____.

A

Pale

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2
Q

How does the nucleus appear in an immature cell?

A

Larger and more pale

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3
Q

What does it mean if a nucleus is pyknotic?

A

It is very dense with chromatin/made up entirely of heterochromatin. Appears this way shortly before extrusion in maturing blood cells

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4
Q

How does the nucleus mature during blood cell maturation?

A

Condenses, gets smaller, eventually is extruded (RBCs) or segmented (granulocytes)

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5
Q

How does cytoplasm change in maturing erythrocytes?

A

Cytoplasm is basophilic in immature erythrocytes and becomes increasingly eosinophilic as hemoglobin accumulates/ribosomes degrade.

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6
Q

The _____ granules stain the same color as the nucleus in the _____ stain.

A

azurophilic, Wright stain

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7
Q

Azurophilic granules are ______ granules. Describe their size.

A

Primary. Tend to be smaller and more variable in size.

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8
Q

Eosinophilic granules are _____ granules. Describe them.

A

Secondary. Tend to be larger and rounder and more uniform than primary granules.

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9
Q

Passage between marrow and stromal tissue is mediated by ______ cells.

A

Endothelial

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10
Q

Red marrow is composed mostly of ____ cells.

A

Parenchymal

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11
Q

Yellow marrow is composed mostly of _____ cells.

A

Fat

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12
Q

Is the conversion from red to yellow marrow reversible?

A

Yes, if a need for more blood-forming capacity arises

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13
Q

What is the role of marrow adipocytes?

A

Controlling osteogenesis and vascular growth through growth factors and other chemokines.

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14
Q

What are marrow cells of mesenchymal origin?

A

Osteoblast, fibroblast, endothelial, mesenchymal stem cell

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15
Q

Where are osteoblasts found and what do they do?

A

Found at the margins of marrow space.

Secrete collagen and a variety of glycoproteins to produce new bone matrix.

Maintain hematopoietic microenvironment.

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16
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Secrete components of the ECM and produce colony stimulating factors that act on progenitor cells.

Usually are the most closely apposed stromal cells to hematopoietic cells.

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17
Q

What does the endothelial cell do?

A

Form the vascular lining and controls passage of cells between marrow and general circulation, primarily through expression of adhesion molecule (e.g. CD34)

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18
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and other non-hematopoietic stromal cells. Produce cytokines and regulate microenvironment.

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19
Q

What are the stromal cells of hematopoietic origin?

A

Macrophages, osteoclasts, connective tissue fibers, blood supply

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20
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytose senescent cell and particulate debris.

Secrete cytokines that maintain and encourage the development of surrounding hematopoietic cells.

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21
Q

What cells are the progeny of CFU-GM progenitor cells?

A

Macrophages

Osteoclasts

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22
Q

Where does the osteoclast reside and what does it do?

A

Resides in the margins of the marrow.

Resorbs bone

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23
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Flattened endothelial cells that have little or no basement membrane. Created by capillaries.

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24
Q

By week ___ the fetal circulation system is established.

A

5

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25
Q

Hematopoietic precursors are first observed in the ____ and ____ week of gestation.

A

3rd and 4th

26
Q

When does blood cell production begin in the marrow?

A

5th month of gestation

27
Q

By age 25, red marrow is confined to where?

A

Proximal quarters of the long bones, the skull, bones, ribs, sternums, scapulae, pelvis, etc.

28
Q

In adulthood, hematopoietically active bone is confined to what kind of bone?

A

Cancellous

29
Q

What daughter cells do pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSCs) give rise to?

A

CMP (common myeloid progenitor) and CLP (common lymphoid progenitor)

30
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

Cells capable of self-renewal but are committed to one cell line. Often referred to as colony forming units.

31
Q

What factors influence differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
Interleukins
Erythropoietin (RBCs)
Thrombopoietin (platelets)

32
Q

What is a precursor cell?

A

A cell that can only divide into a further differentiated cell and CANNOT renew itself.

33
Q

What organ monitors/controls the amount of circulating RBCs?

A

Kidneys. They make the cytokine erythropoietin in response to low levels of RBCs.

34
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

CFU-E

35
Q

What do nurse cells do?

A

Macrophages that phagocytose the nucleus after an RBC expels it.

36
Q

What will you see in peripheral blood if the need for RBCs is especially high?

A

A higher number of reticulocytes as the body keeps pumping out the baby RBCs to erase the deficit.

37
Q

What makes a reticulocyte a reticulocyte?

A

Fine reticulum of RNA and protein still in the cell from the maturation process.

38
Q

What is the progression from Myeloblasts to specific granules (n,e, or b)?

A

Myeloblasts -> Promyleocytes -> myelocytes -> specific granules

39
Q

What are stab/band cells and what do they indicate if elevated?

A

Immature neutrophils, in times of great neutrophil need they can be released from marrow more frequently

40
Q

What is weird about megakaryoblasts?

A

They undergo endomitosis (chromosome duplication but no division) and are thus polyploid.

41
Q

What does the CFU-Meg progenitor produce?

A

Megakaryoblast and Promegakaryocyte

42
Q

Are B cells immunocompetent by the time they leave the bone marrow?

A

Yes

43
Q

Are T cells immunocompetent by the time they leave the bone marrow?

A

No, they must mature in the thymus

44
Q

What are the 2 major classes of T cells?

A

CD4 and CD8

45
Q

What are the stages of monocyte maturation?

A

CFU-GM -> monoblast -> promonocyte -> monocyte

46
Q

Define anemia.

A

The reduction of the ability to carry oxygen to tissues, usually due to a reduction of the number of circulating RBCs.

47
Q

What are the 3 classes of anemia?

A
  1. Too few RBCs
  2. Too many RBCs (polycythemia)
  3. Inadequate RBC function (e.g. sickle cell)
48
Q

Define leukemia.

A

Abnormal qualities or quantitites of white blood cells (leukocytes).

49
Q

What are the classifications of leukemia?

A

Acute or Chronic
Myeloid or Lymphoid

Thus ALL, AML, CLL, CML

50
Q

What do lymphoid leukemias refer to?

A

Cells deriving from CLP

51
Q

What do myeloid leukemias refer to?

A

Cells deriving from CMP

52
Q

At what age is red marrow no longer predominant?

A

4 years

53
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Supporting tissue (e.g. in bone marrow adipose, reticular cells, connective tissue, blood supply(

54
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

The functional tissue

55
Q

What are the mesenchymal derived cells?

A

Osteoblasts
Adipocytes
Fibroblasts
Endothelial cells

56
Q

What are the hematopoietically derived cells?

A

Osteoclasts

Macrophages

57
Q

PHSCS are ____potent

A

totipotent

58
Q

The first precursor cell in each lineage is a “_____”

A

blast. (e.g. myeloblast)

59
Q

Are cells weeded out at each step of stem/progenitor/precursor cells?

A

Yes! Die via apoptosis

60
Q

At what stage of maturation do granulocytes leave the marrow and enter the bloodstream?

A

Band cells or sometimes even fully mature

61
Q

What are the earliest granules to develop in granulocytes?

A

Azurophilic (primary)

Cells to Tissues (23 decks)

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