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Cells to Tissues > Cartilage and bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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2
Q

What cell types are in cartilage? What aren’t

A

Only one! The chondrocyte

No blood vessels, nerves, or lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

The envelope of dense connective tissue surrounding the cartilage tissue.

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4
Q

What type of collagen fibers make up the perichondrium envelope?

A

Mostly Type I

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5
Q

What are the holes in the solid matrix? What resides there?

A

Lacunae which occur in isogenous groups.

Chondrocytes reside there.

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6
Q

What is the major collagen type of bone?

A

Type I

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7
Q

What are Haversian canals?

A

Neurovascular channels that run parallel to the axis of the bone. Carry nerves and blood vessels.

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8
Q

What are Volkman’s canals (aka perforating canals)?

A

Canals that branch off Haversian canals and run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone to carry blood vessels inward.

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9
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Circles of type I collagen in the bone matrix. Those that encircle haversian canals constitute osteons/”haversian systems.”

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10
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A dense connective tissue envelope that is attached to the outside surface of the whole bone (except on its articular surfaces).

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11
Q

What two layers comprise the periosteum?

A
  1. Fibrous layer (dense connective tissue)

2. Inner cellular layer (aka cambium layer) which is just 1 or 2 cells thick.

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12
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The cellular monolayer that lines the marrow cavity. Can be made of bone lining cells (dormant) or osteoblasts.

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13
Q

How are osteocytes connected to neighboring osteocytes?

A

Via canaliculi gap junctions

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14
Q

What is osteoid bone and how does it stain?

A

Premineralized bone. Stains very pale.

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15
Q

How do osteoblasts change?

A

As osteoblasts become less active they become smaller and flatter. They become fully squamous when they cease activity. Then they are called bone lining cells.

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16
Q

How many nuclei do osteoclasts have?

A

Up to 1 dozen

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17
Q

Where do osteoclasts reside?

A

Small depressions called Howship’s lacuna or subosteoclastic compartments.

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18
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells do?

A

Stem cells! Make osteoblasts. Reside mostly in the cellular layer of the periosteum.

19
Q

How does cartilage cause osteoarthritis?

A

With age, chondrocytes have decreased ability for mitotic and synthetic activity.

20
Q

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II

21
Q

How does hyaline cartilage appear on histology?

A

Glassy and smooth

22
Q

Cartilage is ___% collagen (type II) and _____% proteoglycans (aggrecan) and adhesive glycoproteins

A

50/50

23
Q

On hyaline cartilage staining, the darker regions are called what? paler?

A 
Darker = territorial
Light = interterritorial
24
Q

Hyaluronic acid acts as a back bone for what?

A

Proteoglycan aggregates covered in GAGs

25
Q

Why does hyaluronic acid provide turgor?

A

So many negative sulfates attracts Na+ which sucks in water.

26
Q

What special places do you find fibrocartilage?

A

Intervertebral discs and transitions into tendons. Increased tensile strength and stiffness!

*no perichondrium

27
Q

Where do you find elastic cartilage?

A

Ears and epiglottis (increased flexibility and elasticity!)

28
Q

In what two ways can cartilage grow?

A
  1. Apposition - adding on to the surface at edge of perichondrium
  2. Interstitial growth - mitosis
29
Q

The _____ of helical layers of collagen alternates to increase strength of bone.

A

pitch

30
Q

What are the mineral crystals of bone made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite

31
Q

Does mineral impregnate the collagen as the matrix becomes calcified?

A

Yes

32
Q

Osteocyte processes extend into ______ and recognize changes in ______ to direct bone remodeling.

A

cannaliculi, pressure

33
Q

Can bone lining cells be reactivated into osteoblasts if needed?

A

Yes

34
Q

How does osteoclast size change?

A

They will fuse if the demand for resorbing bone increases (asynchronus fusion). Up to 25 nuclei.

35
Q

What is the purpose of the ruffled border?

A

Increase the number of transmembrane proteins (namely to pump H+ into subosteoclastic compartment)

36
Q

What are the 3 membrane domains of an osteoclast?

A
  1. Ruffled border
  2. Sealing zone
  3. Basal zone
37
Q

What does the osteoclast basal zone do?

A

Antiresorptive surface (Cl/HC30 exchanger)

38
Q

Describe how the bone eating acidic environment in the subosteoclastic environment is created.

A

Carbonic anhydrase produces H+ and HCO3-. H+ is used at surface to resorb and bicarb is kicked out in exchange for Cl-. Cl- also moves into subosteoclastic environment.

39
Q

What enzymes released by the lysosomes degrade the organic component of bone?

A

Cathepsins
Collagenases
Metalloproteinases

40
Q

In intramembranous bone formation, bone builds up _______ between capillaries as mesenchyme is condensed.

A

equidistant

41
Q

How is woven bone different than lamellar bone?

A

More cellular
More ground substance/less collagen
Grows and resorbs more rapidly
Mineralizes more rapidly but less completely.

42
Q

How do chondrocytes change as they switch from making collagen to mineralization?

A

They hypertrophy and then secrete type X collagen, alkaline phosphatase, pyrophosphatase, and matrix vesicles.

43
Q

How does type X collagen appear?

A

Bent tight angle bits so that they can interact with mineral.

44
Q

In the absence of a blood supply, osteoprogenitor cells will become ______.

A

Chondroblasts

Cells to Tissues (23 decks)

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