Histology Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelium can be found in the epidermis?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What are the 2 layer of the dermis?

A
  1. papillary layer
  2. reticular layer
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3
Q

What are the components of the papillary layer of the dermis?

A

small blood vessels, lymph & nerves
fine collagen and elastic fibers

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4
Q

What are the components of the reticular layer of the skin?

A

vasular plexus
lymph, nerves

compact collagen fibers and thick elastic fibers

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5
Q

List the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top?

A

S. basale (germinal)
S. spinosum (desmosomes)
S. granulosum (keratohyaline granules)
Stratum lucidium
S. corneum (squames)

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6
Q

What are the distinct cell types found in the epidermis?

A

1) Keratinocyte,
2) Melanocyte,
3) Langerhans cell,
4) Merkel cell

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7
Q

Label the special cells in the image.

A
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8
Q

What type of cells are in the stratum basale? (cuboidal, squamous, or columnar?

A

cuboidal cells

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9
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains basophilic cells that synthesize keratin?

A

stratum basale

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10
Q

What layer of the epidermis are melanocytes and Merkel cells contained?

A

stratum basale

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11
Q

What are the 2 main functions of keratinocytes?

A

to produce keratin and contain melanin

as a water barrier

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12
Q

How often do keratinocytes renew themselves?

A

every 15-30s

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13
Q

What are desmosomes? Where are they located in the layers of the epidermis?

A

Desmosomes are a junction complex for cell anchorage

Stratum spinosum

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14
Q

What does the term “spinosum” in stratum spinosum come from?

A

Because of the many FALSE cytoplasmic extensions (hence “spinosum”)

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15
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found in the epidermis?

A

In the stratum spinosum

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16
Q

The “prickle cell layer” of the epidermis?

A

stratum spinosum

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17
Q

What is the purpose of keratin filaments?

A

crucial for maintaining structural integrity stability, and continuity of the epithelium

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18
Q

What are the keratin filaments of the keratinocytes cross linked bye?

A

filaggrin (keratohyalin granules)

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19
Q

Keratin filaments form large aggregates within the keratinocyte called what?

A

tonofilaments

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20
Q

What substance are the keratohyaline granules (filaggrin) rich in?

A

sulfated amino acids (cysteine)

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21
Q

What are keratosomes? What layer of the epidermis are they in?

A

Membranous lamellar bodies/vesicles/ granules

Found in the S. granulosum

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22
Q

Are keratohyalin granules eosinophilic or basophilic?

A

basophilic

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23
Q

Another name for keratosomes?

A

Olland bodies?

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24
Q

What is the purpose of keratosomes?

A

Act as a waterproofing cement

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25
Q

What does the stratum granulosum consist of?

A

glycophospholipids

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26
Q

What areas of the body is the stratum lucidum more prominent in?

A

thick skin only (palms and soles only)

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27
Q

The cells of the S. lucidum are described as flattened cells with desmosomes. Do these flattened cells contain a nucleus?

A

They are non-nucleated.

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28
Q

T/F. The stratum corneum contains layers of living cells?

A

False; dead and dying cells

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29
Q

About how many layers thick is the stratum corneum in thick skin? Thin skin?

A

15-20 layers thick
3-5 layers in thin skin

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30
Q

Understand this slide.

A

Understand slide

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31
Q

What are hemidesmosomes? What do they do?

A

stud-like structures found in keratinocytes that

act in the signal transduction process via a integrin and regulate cellular activities such as gene expression and cell proliferation and differentiation

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32
Q

Difference between orthokeratinization and parakeratinization?

A

Orthokeratinization process by which cells in S. corneum are flat and lose nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles

In parakeratinization the cells keep nuclei, considered incomplete keratinization

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33
Q

What are some conditions parakeratinization may be observed in?

A
  1. actinic keratosis
  2. psoriasis
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34
Q

What layer of the epidermis are Langerhan’s cells located?

A

in stratum spinosum

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35
Q

What is the embryonic origin of Merkel’s cells?

A

the neural crest

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36
Q

Describe the color of the melanocyte cells?

A

Pale cells with brown granules in them.

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37
Q

How do the melanocytes function?

A

Transfer the melanin to cells in str. Basale & Spinosum via cytoplasmic extensions – CYTOCRINE SECRETION

38
Q

Do the melanocytes have desmosomes?

A

no

39
Q

Color of skin depends on concentration of granules in melanocytes or number of the melanocytes?

A

depends on concentration of granules not on the number of melanocytes.

40
Q

What are langerhans cells? Where are they found? What do they do?

A

Star shaped cells found in epidermis, specially around str. Spinosum and around blood vessels in the papillary dermis.

Present antigens to lymphoid cells in the epidermis and dermis (APC)

41
Q

What are Birbeck’s granules?

A

Racquet shaped granules found in langerhans cells.

42
Q

Where do Langerhan’s cells arise from?

A

bone marrow stem cells

43
Q

Langerhans cells present antigens to what? Would this be considered an adaptive or innate response?

A

T cells in regional lymph nodes – adaptive response

44
Q

Difference between dendritic cells and Langerhans cells? Where are dendrocytes located in the skin?

A

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that play a crucial role in activating adaptive immune responses. Langerhans cells (LCs) are a subset of immature DCs that reside in the epidermis

Dendrocytes are located in dermis

45
Q

Papillary layer of dermis contains what type of connective tissue?

A

Loose CT

46
Q

Reticular layer of the dermis contains what type of CT?

A

dense irregular

47
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the hypodermis?

A

loose connective tissue/adipose tissue

48
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue of the skin also known as?

A

Hypodermis or superficial fascia

49
Q

What type of glands are sebaceous glands?

A

Simple acinar glands (HOLOCRINE GLANDS)

50
Q

What is sebum and what is it secreted from in the skin?

A

Sebum is a complex mixture of triglycerides, waxes, cholesterol & its ester.

sebaceous glands

51
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

antibacterial and moisturizing

52
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found in the body?

A

in only areas where there is hairy skin

53
Q

When the sebaceous glands are infected what condition can be caused?

A

acne

54
Q

Function of eccrine sweat glands specifically?

A

excretion: provide a significant excretory route for water and electrolytes.

protection: aids in preserving the skin’s acid mantle, which helps protect the skin from colonisation from bacteria and other pathogenic organisms

55
Q

Secretory portion of the sweat glands has what type of epithelium?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

The excretory portion of the sweat glands contain what type of epithelium?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

57
Q

Describe clear cells of the sweat glands.

A

pale cells resting on BM. Secrete watery sweat

58
Q

Describe dark (mucoid) cells of the sweat glands.

A

few, pyramidal cells contain granules of glycoproteins

59
Q

Describe myoepithelial cells of the sweat glands.

A

contractile cells located at BM

60
Q

Describe duct cells of the sweat glands.

A

– stratified cuboidal, cells smaller & darker. Absorb NaCl & glycoproteins.

61
Q

Secretions of the sweat glands include what? (merocrine) (What do they secrete?)

A

NaCl, ammonia, urea & uric acid.

62
Q

Are secretions of the sweat gland hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

hypotonic

63
Q

What are the functions of the sweat glands?

A

thermoregulation and waste secretion

63
Q

What are the functions of the sweat glands?

A

thermoregulation and waste secretion

64
Q

Where are the apocrine sweat glands typically located?

A

axillary, anal & areolar regions of the body

65
Q

Where do the apocrine sweat glands secrete sweat into?

A

hair follicle

66
Q

What are the secretory substance that come from apocrine sweat glands?

A

proteins, carbs, lipids

67
Q

Bacteria act on lipids from apocrine sweat glands to produce what?

A

produce odoriferous compounds. (Pheromones)

68
Q

When do apocrine sweat glands become functional?

A

at puberty

69
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are under what type of autonomic control?

A

adrenergic sympathetic control

70
Q

What do apocrine sweat gland respond to? (Heat or emotional and sensory stimuli?)

A

emotional and ssensory

71
Q

The bulb of the hair follicle sits in what tissue layer of the skin?

A

subcutaneous (adipose fat) tissue layer

72
Q

What is the hair papilla?

A

projection of dermis into center of the bulb

73
Q

BE able to differentiate between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns.

A

View Chart

73
Q

BE able to differentiate between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns.

A

View chart

74
Q

Describe nail root.

A

buried in fold of epidermis
and covers cells of germinative zone

75
Q

Describe nail matrix.

A

cells of matrix divide regularly
migrate toward root
Differentiate
produce keratin of nail

76
Q

What parts of the skin is the nail bed continuous with?

A

stratum basale and stratum spinosum of epidermis

77
Q

Function of free nerve endings.

A

basic sensations like pain, touch, temp & pressure

78
Q

Functions of Merkel’s discs?

A

sense pressure and touch

79
Q

What layers of the skin can Merkel’s discs be found in?

A

epidermis and dermis

80
Q

Where can Meissners corpuscles be found?

A

dermal papillae?

81
Q

What are the functions of the Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

two point or discriminative touch

82
Q

What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscle?

A

pressure, touch and vibration

83
Q

What is the purpose of the Ruffini’s sensory receptor?

A

pressure and touch

84
Q

Where are the Ruffini’s sensory receptors found?

A

dermis, hypodermis and joint capsules

85
Q

What is the purpose of Krause end bulbs?

A

receptors for cold

86
Q

What is the purpose of the muscle spindle?

A

change in muscle length

87
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi tendon organ?

A

Responds to muscle tension

88
Q

Label these sensory receptors.

A

Label