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Histology, cytology, hematology > Histology II: lymph organs > Flashcards

Histology II: lymph organs Flashcards

1
Q

name 5 lymphoid systems (/organs)

A 
bone marrow
thymus
lymph nodes
MALT system
spleen
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2
Q

what is the MALT system?

A

“mucosa associated diffuse lymphoid tissue” -system initiates immune responses to specific antigens encountered along all mucosal surfaces.

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3
Q

What is the chief cellular constituent of lymphatic tissue?

A

Circulating lymphocytes

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4
Q

Where are T lymphocytes produced?

A

in the thymus (in young individuals as the thymus shrinks away with age)

(they account for the majority of circulating lymphocytes)

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5
Q

T lymphocyte function?

A

involved in cell-mediated immunity

roles include:
killing infected host cells, 
activating other immune cells, 
producing cytokines and 
regulating the immune response.
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6
Q

What does it mean to be cell-mediated?

A

the immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather incorporates the activation of macrophages and various lymphocytes

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7
Q

B lymphocyte function?

A

They are involved in the production and secretion of various circulating antibodies, also called immunoglobulins (IgG), the immune proteins associated humoral immunity.

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8
Q

What does humoral immunity refer to?

A

Humoral immunity is the process of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes.

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9
Q

What is the major difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

A

humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies, whereas cell-mediated immunity uses macrophages and cellular apoptosis.

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10
Q

Name 5 cells of the immune system.

A 
T lymphocytes
helper T lymphocytes 
B lymphocytes (plasma cells and memory b's)
NK cells (natural killer lymphocytes)
APC cells (antigen-presenting cells)
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11
Q

difference between T lymphocytes and helper T lymphocytes?

A

cytotoxic T cells destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells

whereas

the helper T cells secrete cytokines to activate or regulate other cells in the immune system

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12
Q

Activated B lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells and

Memory B cells

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13
Q

Plasma cell function?

A

synthesize and secrete specific antibodies

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14
Q

Memory B cell function?

A

memorizes the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell

so if they later encounter the same antigen, it triggers an accelerated and robust secondary immune response.

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15
Q

APC cell function?

A

antigen-presenting cells

boost immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system.

detects, phagocytizes, and informs the adaptive immune response about an infection

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16
Q

APC cells include what all cells?

A

macrophages,
Kupffer cells in the liver,
Langerhans´ cells in the epidermis,
dendritic cells of spleen and lymph nodes.

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17
Q

describe the thymus structure

A

lobules surrounded and connected by connective tissue,
outer cortex,
central medulla,
Hassal’s corpuscles found in medulla

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18
Q

thymal lobules made up of what cells?

A

Most cells in the lobules are thymolymphocytes (T cells),
markedly more in the cortex than in the medulla.

Epithelioreticular cells form the extensive meshwork of the thymus.

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19
Q

Where are Hassall’s corpuscles found?

A

In the thymic medulla

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20
Q

What does APC cell refer to?

A

antigen-presenting cells

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21
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles’ function?

A

are a potent source of the cytokines that instruct dendritic cells in the thymus to induce development of regulatory T cells

22
Q

hassall’s corpuscles made of what

A

derived from epithelioreticular cells

23
Q

Outer layer of spleen?

A

fibrous capsule

24
Q

What are splenic trabeculae?

A

Fibrous connective tissue that branches into the spleen, connected to the capsule

25
Q

What is found between splenic trabeculae?

A

the splenic pulp that contains darker white pulp which is surrounded by lighter red pulp.

26
Q

White splenic pulp consists of?

A

a thick accumulation of lymphocytes (surrounding a central artery)

27
Q

Within the white splenic pulp the branch of the trabecular artery is called?

A

the central artery

28
Q

What are the structures consisting of lymphocytes that aggregate around the central splenic arteries called?

A

lymphatic nodules and lymphatic sheaths.

29
Q

What do the lymphatic nodules that surround the splenic arteries consist of?

A

B lymphocytes

30
Q

What do the lymphatic sheaths that surround the splenic arteries consist of?

A

chiefly T-lymphocytes

31
Q

Splenic red pulp consists of?

A

splenic sinuses and splenic cords.

32
Q

What are the splenic sinuses lined by?

A

endothelial cells

33
Q

What do the splenic cords consist of?

A

a loose meshwork of reticular cells and reticular fibres

that contain large numbers of erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and granulocytes.

34
Q

What is the role of the red splenic pulp?

A

blood filtration

removal of particulate material, macromolecular antigens, and aged, abnormal, or damaged blood cells from circulating blood.

35
Q

What is the role of the white splenic pulp?

A

activation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes
differentiation of B lymphocytes and plasma cells
secretion of antibodies

36
Q

What are the two types of lymphatic vessels?

A

Afferent lymph vessels

Efferent lymph vessels

37
Q

Describe afferent lymph vessels.

A

convey lymph towards the node and enter it at several points on the convex surface

38
Q

Describe efferent lymph vessels.

A

convey lymph away from the node at the hilum, a depression on the concave surface of the node.

39
Q

What are the supporting elements of the lymph node?

A

Capsule
Trabeculae
Reticular tissue

40
Q

What is the capsule of a lymph node made up of?

A

dense connective tissue

41
Q

What are lymphatic trabeculae?

A

extend from the capsule into the substance of the node, forming a gross framework

42
Q

What is the purpose of the reticular lymph tissue?

A

reticular cells and reticular fibres form a fine supporting network

43
Q

A lymph node is divided into what main parts?

A

darker-stained cortex and lighter-stained central medulla.

44
Q

The lymphatic cortex is formed by?

A

lymphatic nodules or lymphatic follicles with the germinal centre in the middle.

45
Q

The lymphatic medulla consists of?

A

the medullary cords and medullary sinuses

46
Q

What do the lymphatic medullary cords contain?

A 
dendritic cells
lymphocytes
macrophages
plasma cells
reticular cells
47
Q

Where does the filtration of lymph occur more specifically?

A

within a network of interconnected lymphatic channels called sinuses.

48
Q

Name the 3 types of lymphatic sinuses.

A

Subcapsular sinuses
Trabecular sinuses
Medullary sinuses

49
Q

Where are subcapsular sinuses found?

A

between capsule and lymphatic follicles.

Afferent lymphatic vessels drain lymph into these sinuses.

50
Q

Where are trabecular sinuses found within lymphnodes?

A

they pass inwards along the sides of the connective tissue trabeculae and drain into medullary sinuses.

51
Q

Where are medullary sinuses found?

A

are spaces that separate the medullary cords, they converge near the lymphatic hilum, where they drain into the efferent lymphatic vessel.

Histology, cytology, hematology (13 decks)

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