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Histology, cytology, hematology > Histology II: integumentary system, sense perspective > Flashcards

Histology II: integumentary system, sense perspective Flashcards

1
Q

Give a couple examples of skins’ exocrine function.

A

secretion of sweat and sebum excretion through sebaceous glands

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2
Q

2 main layers of the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

What cell type does the epidermis consist of?

A

keratinized stratified epithelium

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4
Q

What does the dermis consist of?

A

a dense connective tissue (collagen, elastic tissue, reticular fibers)

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5
Q

What process allows skin to retain its usual thickness?

A

desquamation

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6
Q

Describe the hypodermis.

A

also referred to as subcutaneous tissue, can be rich in adipose tissue and loose connective tissue

serves to anchor the skin to adjacent structures.

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7
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from outside in.

A 
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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8
Q

What is stratum basale?

A

the innermost layer of the epidermis, which continuously produces new cells, comprised of a single layer of stem cells

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9
Q

What is stratum spinosum?

A

the 2nd to deepest layer of the epidermis

its at least several cells thick and these cells characteristically exhibit spinous processes.

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10
Q

What is stratum granulosum?

A

the very middle layer (3rd) of the epidermis

the cells contain keratohyalin granules.

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11
Q

What is stratum lucidum?

A

the 2nd layer of the epidermis but only in thick epidermis

is considered a subdivision of the stratum corneum.

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12
Q

What is stratum corneum?

A

the outermost layer of the epidermis

consists of anucleate squamous cells largely filled with keratin filaments.

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13
Q

Gross division for distinguishing thick and thin skin.

A

Thick is hairless (glabrous), thin contains hair follicles.

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14
Q

Name 4 cell types found in the epidermis.

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans’ cells (APC cells of skin)
merkel’s cells (sensoryreceptors)

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15
Q

What is a keratinocyte?

A

is the predominate cell type in the epidermis.

originate in the basal epidermal layer.

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16
Q

Two essential functions of keratinocytes?

A

produce keratin, the major structural protein of the epidermis.

participate in the formation of the epidermal water barrier.

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17
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

cells of the epidermis that produce and secrete the pigment melanin into keratinocytes.

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18
Q

What are langerhans’ cells?

A

antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis.

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19
Q

What are Merkel’s cells?

A

modified epidermal cells located in the stratum basale and are mechanoreceptors.

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20
Q

What structures help secure the epidermis to the dermis?

A

dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

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21
Q

The dermis is composed of what 2 layers?

A

The papillary layer

The reticular layer

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22
Q

What is the papillary layer?

A

is the most superficial layer of the dermis

consists of loose connective tissue which contains blood vessels and nerve endings

23
Q

What is the reticular layer?

A

lies deep to the dermal papillary layer

is characterized by thick, irregular bundles of collagen and by coarser elastic fibers.

24
Q

Name the layers of the epidermis by their english, colloquial names.

A 
horny layer
clear layer
granular layer
prickle layer
basal layer
25
Q

In which layer of the epidermis do the neuronal receptors terminate?

A

stratum granulosum or granular layer (3rd)

26
Q

Why are the free nerve endings of the skin referred to as “free”?

A

in that they lack a connective tissue or glia cells.

27
Q

Name 4 types of nerve endings found in skin.

A

free nerve endings (eg. merkel’s discs)
Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Ruffini’s corpuscles

28
Q

Name the 3 types of encapsulated nerve endings found in skin.

A

Pacinian corpuscles
Meissner’s corpuscles
Ruffini’s corpuscles

29
Q

Describe Pacinian corpuscles.

A

large ovoid structures composed of myelinated, encapsulated nerve endings

30
Q

What makes a nerve ending encapsulated?

A

encapsulated- do not contain an open end for nerve transmission making the sensitivity low in comparison to free nerve endings.

encaps. can have a brush border of fluid filled sac

31
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles found where?

A

are localized within dermal papillae

32
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles do what?

A

they respond to mechanical displacement of adjacent collagen fibers.

33
Q

Pacinian corpuscles found where?

A

found in the deeper dermis and hypodermis.

34
Q

Pacinian corpuscle function?

A

receptors for mechanical and vibratory pressure

35
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle function?

A

serve as touch receptors

36
Q

The hair follicle is divided into what three segments.

A

infundibulum
isthmus
hair bulb

37
Q

What is the infundibulum of a hair follicle?

A

is the upper portion of the hair follicle, above the entry of the sebaceous duct

38
Q

What is the isthmus of a hair follicle?

A

is the area between the sebaceous duct opening and the bulge which is the area of the follicle marked by the insertion of the arrector pili muscle.

39
Q

What is the hair bulb of a hair follicle?

A

The terminal expansion of the follicle

40
Q

What can be found on the underside of the hair bulb?

A

a deep recess occupied by dermal papilla consisting of connective tissue.

41
Q

What is hair composed of

and what 3 layers make it up?

A

keratin

layers:
medulla
cortex
cuticle

42
Q

What is the medulla of hair?

A

the central part of the shaft and contains large vacuolated cells

43
Q

What is the cortex of hair?

A

is located peripheral to the medulla and contains cuboidal cells which undergo differentiation into keratin-filled cells.

44
Q

What is the cuticle of hair?

A

the outermost layer of the hair which contains squamous cells

45
Q

What is a sebaceous gland?

A

a simple, branched alveolar gland that secretes an oily material – sebum

46
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

a mode of secretion in exocrine glands

are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen.

47
Q

Describe sweat glands.

A

simple coiled glands that regulate body temperature

independent structures, not associated with hair follicles

consist of 2 segments:
a secretory segment located deep in the dermis containing secretory and myoepithelial cells,
duct segment that leads to the epidermal surface.

48
Q

What are nails?

A

plates of keratinized cells containing hard keratin.

49
Q

Describe the nail bed.

A

consists of epithelial cells that are continuous with the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of the epidermis.

50
Q

What are claws?

A

are extensively developed portions of the epidermis and dermis that extends from the distal phalanges.

very prominent and hard cornified stratum.

51
Q

What are hooves composed of?

A

Like the claw, the hoof formed in horses is composed largely of cornified epidermal tissue.

52
Q

What are horns composed of?

A

horns possess a papillated corium covered externally by a hard cornified epidermis

53
Q

Another word for dermis.

A

corium

Histology, cytology, hematology (13 decks)

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