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Histology, cytology, hematology > Histology II: female reproductive system > Flashcards

Histology II: female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

the female reproductive system composed of what main structures/organs?

A 
ovaries, 
uterine tubes, 
uterus, cervix, 
vagina, 
vulva
mammary glands considered too
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2
Q

major functions of the ovaries

A

Productions of gametes and steroid hormones.

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3
Q

The ovaries’ main divisions?

A

a cortex and medulla.

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4
Q

Describe the ovarian medulla.

A

central portion of the ovary.

contains loose connective tissue,
a mass of large contorted blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels,
and nerves.

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5
Q

Describe the ovarian cortex.

A

peripheral portion of the ovary

contains the ovarian follicles embedded in a rich cellular connective tissue

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6
Q

Surface of ovary covered with what type of epithelium?

A

a single layer of cuboidal epithelium

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7
Q

What lies between the epithelium and the underlying cortex?

A

tunica albuginea

a dense connective tissue layer

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8
Q

Location of ovarian follicles.

A

are distributed in the stroma of the cortex

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9
Q

What 3 basic types of ovarian follicles can be identified:

A

primordial or primary follicles,
growing or secondary follicles,
Graafian follicles or mature follicles

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10
Q

What do the primordial follicles consist of

A

primary oocyte, and surrounding follicular cells

surrounded by a simple squamous epithelium with own basal lamina.

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11
Q

The follicular cells of the primordial follicles undergo what change?

A

undergo stratification to form the stratum granulosum of the primary follicle.

The follicular cells are now identified as granulosa cells..

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12
Q

What surrounds the primary follicle?

A

Connective tissue cells that form the theca.

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13
Q

What is the difference between primordial and primary follicles?

A

term often used interchangeably, has a nuanced difference

main difference is that primordial follicle is a smaller, dormant follicle with a single layer of flattened granulosa cells whereas

primary follicle is much larger with cuboidal granulosa cells.

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14
Q

What is the theca interna?

A

the inner layer of the theca that surrounds a follicle, highly vascularized layer of cuboidal secretory cells.

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15
Q

What is the theca externa?

A

the outer layer of connective tissue cells surrounding a follicle.

contains mainly smooth muscle cells and collagen fibres.

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16
Q

Maturation of the oocyte occurs where?

A

in the primary follicle

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17
Q

The secondary follicle is characterized by?

A

a fluid –containing antrum.

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18
Q

When do fluid-filled cavities appear among the granulosa cells?

A

When the stratum granulosum reaches a thickness of 6 to 12 cell layers

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19
Q

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A

In secondary follicles - the granulosa cells form a thickened mound which projects into the antrum and to which the oocyte is associated.

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20
Q

The cells of cumulus oophorus form what around the oocyte?

A

a corona radiata

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21
Q

Corona radiata separated from the oocyte by?

A

space called the zona pellucida, which consists of an amorphous material produced by the secretions of the oocyte.

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22
Q

What are atretic follicles?

A

Not all follicles reach maturity so some degenerating = atretic follicles, can usually be observed in the ovarian cortex.

the follicular epithelium and zona pellucida are still retained.

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23
Q

collapsed follicles undergo what?

A

reorganization into the corpus luteum after ovulation.

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24
Q

If fertilization do not occur the corpus luteum does what?

A

degenerates and undergoes a slow involution.

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25
Q

What forms the corpus albicans?

A

Connective tissue elements of the corpus luteum becomes transformed into the corpus albicans.

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26
Q

The wall of the uterine tube is composed of what three layers

A

The serosa
the muscular layer
and the inner mucosa

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27
Q

The serosa of the tubes is also known as?

A

the mesothelium

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28
Q

What does the epithelium of the uterine tubes consist of?

A

simple squamous epithelium and thin layer of connective tissue.

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29
Q

The smooth muscle layer of the tubes has what two sublayers

A

the circular inner layer and longitudinal outer layer.

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30
Q

What feature does the mucosa of the uterine tubes exhibit?

A

relatively thin longitudinal folds that project into the lumen of the uterine tube throughout its length.

31
Q

What epithelial type does the mucosa of the tubes consist of?

A

simple columnar epithelium composed of two kinds of cells: ciliated and non-ciliated secretory cells

32
Q

Uterus lined by what type of epithelium?

A

Lined by columnar epithelium.

33
Q

Uterus composed of what 3 regions?

A

Uterine horns or fundus (in primates)
Body
Neck (cervix)

34
Q

The uterine wall is composed of three layers. From the lumen outward they are?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

35
Q

During reproductive life the endometrium consist of what two layers that differ in structure and function?

A

stratum functionale

stratum basale

36
Q

What does stratum functionale consist of?

A

reticular fibres,
numerous cell types (fibrocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, mast cells),
coiled or spiral arteries,
and uterine glands.

37
Q

Function of stratum functionale?

A

implantation medium for conceptus

is layer that proliferates and degenerates during the uterine cycle.

The vasculature and glands of the stratum functionale also proliferate and degenerate each cycle.

38
Q

What type of epithelium are uterine glands covered by?

A

the same simple columnar epithelium as the surface of the endometrium.

39
Q

Function of stratum basale?

A

is retained during uterine cycle and serves as the source for the regeneration of the stratum functionale.

40
Q

Stratum basale consists of?

A

loose connective tissue that is less cellular,
uterine glands which are wider and twisted compared with those of stratum functionale,
and straight arteries (compared to coiled in s.functionale).

41
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

the thickest layer of the uterus, comprised of tunica muscularis of the uterine horns and body.

42
Q

The myometrium is composed of?

A

layers of smooth muscle cells

numerous large blood vessels, sometimes referred as stratum vasculare.

43
Q

Orientation of myometrial musculature?

A

Muscle bundles oriented in a circular pattern.

In the inner and outer layers the smooth muscle bundles are oriented parallel to the long axis of the uterus.

44
Q

What is the perimetrium?

A

forms the tunica serosa for most of the uterine horns and the body of the uterus.

45
Q

What is the perimetrium composed of?

A

mostly loose connective tissue lined externally by simple squamous epithelium.

46
Q

How does the cervical endometrium differ from the rest of the uterus?

A

generally lacks glands and spiral arteries, but can possess a mucus-producing epithelium that is especially laden with goblet cells and other mucus producing cells within ruminant species.

47
Q

What does the cervical endometrium consist of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue,
forms major folds with extending secondary and even tertiary folds,
each lined with simple columnar epithelium.

48
Q

What does the cervical myometrium consist of?

A

layers of smooth muscle cells and well developed elastic fibres.

49
Q

What does the cervical perimetrium consist of?

A

loose connective tissue.

50
Q

How is the mammary gland grossly divided?

A

into lobules by loose connective tissue.

51
Q

What do mammary gland lobules consist of?

A

secretory end portions lined by simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium.

52
Q

What are mammary alveolae?

A

The secretory portions of the mammary lobules are called alveolae due to the wider lumen.

53
Q

What extends between mammary alveolae?

A

fragile connective tissue strands extend from the interlobular tissue

54
Q

Secretion is directed from the alveolae into?

A

the intralobular excretory ducts

55
Q

What are the intralobular excretory ducts lined with?

A

simple squamous epithelium.

56
Q

Intralobular ducts open into..?

A

wider interlobular ducts and finally into lactiferous ducts.

57
Q

Interlobular ducts lined by?

A

that are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

58
Q

Fetal placental portion formed by?

A

the chorion

The chorion is the outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in amniotes.

59
Q

Maternal placental portion formed by?

A

by cells of the endometrium.

60
Q

Comparison of placental morphology is based primarily on?

A

the location of maternal – fetal interaction along the chorion sac.

61
Q

Name 4 placental shapes.

A

diffuse placenta
Cotyledonary placenta
Zonary placenta
Discoid placenta

62
Q

Describe the diffuse placenta and give species example.

A

the interactions occur essentially all over the embryonic sac without discrete areas (sow and mare)

63
Q

Describe the cotyledonary placenta and give species example.

A

the maternal - fetal interaction are restricted to the uterine caruncles (ruminants)

64
Q

Describe the zonary placenta and give species example.

A

the maternal-fetal interaction occurs as an equatorial belt around the chorionic sac.

carnivores

65
Q

Describe the discoid placenta and give species example.

A

the maternal-fetal interaction occurs in one or two round areas (primates)

66
Q

Define cotelydon.

A

The chorionic tissue that interacts with uterine caruncles forms vascular tufts called cotyledons (ruminants).

67
Q

Describe the Folded placenta and give species example.

A

consists of microscopic folds of the endometrium (sow).

68
Q

Describe the Lamellar placenta and give species example.

A

consists of slender and elaborate folds forming lamellae of the endometrium (carnivores).

69
Q

Describe the Villous placenta and give species example.

A

fetal tissues form chorionic villi with extensive vascular beds that are specifically associated with the caruncles

(ruminants, mare, humans)

70
Q

Name 3 types of chorionic/placental surface types.

A

folded placenta
lamellar placenta
villous placenta

71
Q

Name 3 types of placental circulation.

A

Epitheliochorial placenta
Endotheliochorial placenta
Hemocorial placenta

72
Q

Describe the Epitheliochorial placenta and give species example.

A

chorionic and uterine epithelium separates fetal and maternal capillaries

(horse, ruminants, pig)

73
Q

Describe the Hemocorial placenta and give species example.

A

chorion is directly exposed to maternal blood without endothelial interference

primates

74
Q

Describe the Endotheliochorial placenta and give species example.

A

the chorion cell exposed directly to maternal capillaries

(dogs, cats and other carnivores).

Histology, cytology, hematology (13 decks)

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