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Bio 201 Lab > Histology & Genetics > Flashcards

Histology & Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epithelial Tissue Function

A

Protection, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation

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2
Q

Lumen

A

The internal space of a hallow organ or space surrounded by secretory cells

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3
Q

Apical Surface

A

The uppermost surface of an epithelial cell, typically exposed to the lumen

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4
Q

Basal Surface

A

The lower surface of an epithelial cell exposed to the basement membrane

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5
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Thin layer of various binding structures between the deepest epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue

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6
Q

Cilia

A

Slender, hair-like extensions used for the movement of substances such as mucus

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7
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger-like extensions that increase cellular surface area

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8
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

One-layer thick, flat cells bulging at nucleus

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9
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

One-layer thick, cube-shaped around a central shape (lumen). May contain microvilli or cilia

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10
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

One-layer thick, long rectangular or cylindrical cells. Often have microvilli and may possess goblet cells

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11
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Appears multi-layered but is only one-layer thick. Rectangular or cylindrical-shaped, often ciliated and contains goblet cells

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12
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Multi-layered, cells become increasingly flat towards surface. Surface contains layer of compact dead cells without nuclei. Basal cells may be cuboidal or columnar

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13
Q

Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Multi-layered, cells become increasingly flat towards surface. Basal cells may be cuboidal or columnar

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14
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Multi-layered, cube-shaped or round

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15
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Multi-layered, cells at apical surface are rounded. Some cells may be binucleated, may appear thinner when stretched

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16
Q

Connective Tissue Function

A

Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport

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17
Q

Extracellular Matrix/Ground Substance

A

Gel-like substance found between cells and fiber

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18
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus and may be found in respiratory tract and lining of stomach

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19
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Made of collagen & a principal component of connective tissue. Structural protein in fiber form that provide strength and resists stretching

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20
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Composed of protein elastin which stretches under tension and returns to its original length when released. Responsible for resilience of organs such as skin, lungs, & arteries

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21
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Fine, branching collagen fibers. Form a sponge-like framework for spleen and lymph nodes

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22
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, and reticular

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23
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

Loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, numerous blood vessels

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24
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Adipocytes (large, empty looking cells with thin margins) and nucleus pressed to plasma membrane while lipid occupies majority of cell. Blood vessels present

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25
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, numerous leukocytes (immune cells)

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26
Q

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

A

Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue

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27
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Densely packed, parallel, often wavy collagen fibers. Slender fibroblast nuclei, scarcity of blood vessels and ground substance

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28
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions, few visible cells, scarcity of blood vessels and ground substance

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29
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Modified dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

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30
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

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31
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Clear, glassy matrix, non-visible collagen fibers, chondrocytes enclosed in lacunae. Typically covered in perichondrium

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32
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Elastic fibers form web-like mesh amid lacunae, always covered by perichondrium

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33
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Parallel collagen fibers, rows of chondrocytes in lacunae between collagen fibers. No perichondrium present

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34
Q

Types of bone

A

Compact bone & cancellous bone

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35
Q

Compact bone

A

Collagen fiber matrix that has been calcified to form hard tissue around central canals, osteocytes in lacunae, lacunae interconnected by canaliculi

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36
Q

Osteon

A

A structural unit of compact bone consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric cylindrical lamellae (layer) of matrix

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37
Q

Central Canal

A

Runs longitudinally through long bones for blood vessels and nerves to travel

38
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels running between lacunae allowing communication between osteocytes (mature bone cells)

39
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces for cells to reside

40
Q

Lamellae

A

Onion-like layers surrounding the central canal

41
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

Lighter, less dense bone. Contains trabeculae which form irregular cavities that contain red bone barrow

42
Q

Trabeculae

A

Plate-like bony extensions

43
Q

Blood

A

Erythrocytes appear as pink discs, leukocytes appear with variously shaped nuclei, platelets appear as cell fragments with no nuclei, ground substance of blood plasma

44
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells/RBCs

45
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells/WBCs

46
Q

Plasma

A

Watery matrix

47
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

23 paired chromosomes (46 total chromosomes) of which 22 are autosomal pairs

48
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome except the sex chromosomes. Inherited without regard to the sex of the individual

49
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of a gene at the same locus on homologous chromosomes. Take the form of dominant or recessive

50
Q

Gene

A

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for specific traits and has a specific location on a chromosome

51
Q

Homozygous

A

Having identical alleles at the same gene locus of two homologous chromosomes (AA or aa)

52
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having non-identical alleles at the same gene locus of two homologous chromosomes (Aa)

53
Q

Dominant

A

Produces protein responsible for visible trait & represented by a capital letter

54
Q

Recessive

A

Expressed only when both alleles are recessive & represented by a lower case letter

55
Q

Genotype

A

Paired alleles that an individual possesses for a particular traits/an organism’s genetic makeup (CC, Cc, cc)

56
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s physical traits (Cleft chin vs. uncleft chin)

57
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Determine an individual’s sex (normal female has XX, normal male has XY)

58
Q

X-linked Inheritance

A

Refers to traits carried on the X chromosome

59
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

60
Q

Punnett Square

A

A diagram that shows the crossing of parental alleles and their potential outcomes

61
Q

Histo

A

Tissue

62
Q

Inter

A

Between

63
Q

Stit

A

To stand

64
Q

Ecto

A

Outer

65
Q

Endo

A

Inner

66
Q

Meso

A

Middle

67
Q

Derm

A

Skin

68
Q

Epi

A

Upon

69
Q

Theli

A

Nipple

70
Q

Squamo

A

Scale

71
Q

Fibro

A

Fiber

72
Q

Blast

A

Producing/forming

73
Q

Macro

A

Big

74
Q

Phage

A

Eater

75
Q

Leuko

A

White

76
Q

Cyte

A

Cell

77
Q

Colla

A

Glue

78
Q

Gen

A

Producing

79
Q

Reti

A

Network

80
Q

Ite/icul

A

Little

81
Q

Areola

A

Little space

82
Q

Chondro-/Chrondri

A

Cartilage

83
Q

Lacuna

A

Lake, cavity

84
Q

Hyal

A

Glass

85
Q

Peri

A

Around

86
Q

Osteo

A

Bone

87
Q

Erythro

A

Red

88
Q

Dendri

A

Tree

89
Q

Sphinc

A

Squeeze, bind tightly

90
Q

Myo

A

Muscle

Bio 201 Lab (10 decks)

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