Histology - Cytoskeleton & Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

What molecules in H&E stained slide stain blue (called what?) and why?

A

Nucleic acids - DNA/RNA (and therefore nucleus), stain with hemotoxylin due to net negative charge. Termed basophilic b/c they react with basic stain.

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2
Q

What molecules in H&E stained slide stain pink (called what?) and why?

A

Proteins (and therefore cytoplasm), net positive charge reacts with acidic eosin. Termed eosinophilic.

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3
Q

How is IHC (immunohistochemistry) used?

A

It is used by targeting cell-specific proteins with brown stained antibodies to detect which cells are expressing a specific type of protein.

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4
Q

What is IHC useful for?

A

Can be used to detect cancers, and determine treatment based on specific proteins expressed by tumor cells.

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5
Q

What is one way that cells get their specific function that we can see on electron micrography?

A

Different cells have different number of organelles based on the cell’s specific function.

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6
Q

What are the nuclear pores that line the nuclear envelope for?

A

Allow mRNA and ribosomes to exit the nucleus.

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7
Q

How does chromatin appear differently based on activity level of the cell, how does it stain?

A

More active cells have more euchromatin, which is loose and stains lightly, less active cells have more heterochromatin, which is dense and stains darkly.

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8
Q

Where is the rough ER?

A

next to the nucleus, continuous with the nuclear membrane.

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9
Q

What does mitotic cell division look like in tissue sections under H&E?

A

Much more deeply stained bars/lines.

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10
Q

Why is identifying the number of cells that are dividing important clinically?

A

Tells you how fast a tumor is growing.

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11
Q

How do ribosomes stain and why?

A

Ribosomes stain dark purple/blue (basophilic) because of the RNA they are made up of and contain.

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12
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

protein translation (covered in ribosomes)

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13
Q

What happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesizing lipids like cholesterol and plasma membrane lipids, as well as steroid hormones, detox of drugs in the liver.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

modifies proteins for secretion, cell membrane, or lysosome (breaks off in vesicles).

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15
Q

How does Golgi appear on H&E

A

it appears clear because it does not react with H or E

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16
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP synthesis

17
Q

What do lysosomes do and how?

A

intracellular digestion - using hydrolytic enzymes that cut up DNA and phospholipids, as well as acidic internal environment that activates enzymes.

18
Q

Actin

A

smallest fiber. allows for movement via polymerization and depolymerization, +/- ends. Also gives shape to cells.

19
Q

microtubules

A

largest cytoskeletal filaments. movement. Hollow tubules that grow from an MTOC. +/- end allows expansion and contraction.

20
Q

How are microtubules controlled?

A

via GTP hydrolysis and removing or adding pieces.

21
Q

What is the centrosome/MTOC?

A

microtubule organizing center. Made up of two centrioles sitting at right angles to each other, and microtubules grow outwards from it.

22
Q

What are motor proteins and what do they do?

A

Kinesin - moves cargo away from the MTOC (towards +)on microtubules. Dynein - moves cargo towards the MTOC (towards -)on microtubules. Use ATP to do this.

23
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

rope-like filaments, allow the cell to be resistant to tension. provide structural support. non polar.each type of cell makes different ones.

24
Q

Why is it clinically important that different cells make different types of intermediate filaments?

A

Can use IHC to stain for types of intermediate filaments in a poorly differentiated cancer cell, and find out what type of cell it is.