Cell adaptation/stress/death Flashcards

1
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase size of cell due to increased demand on cells - leads to increase in size of organ

examples: weight lifting, hypertensive heart disease

all cells can do this - to not need to be able to divide

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2
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells - leads to increase in size of organ/tissue

not all cells can do this - must be able to divide

cardiomyocytes and neurons cannot divide

EX: breast tissue increase for milk production, BPH

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3
Q

atrophy

A

decrease functional demand or impaired nutrition causes decrease in size of existing cells - leads to decrease in size of organ or tissue

ex: nutritional deprivation, diminished endocrine stimulation, denervation, aging

mediated by autophagy

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4
Q

autophagy in atrophy

A

cell degrades proteins to be used as source of nutrients

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5
Q

metaplasia

A

replacement of one fully differentiated tissue to another fully differentiated tissue

new cell type better able to withstand stresses in the area

reversible, not neoplastic, but can lead to cancer

ex: cervical changes based on change of hormonal status, GERD changes stratified squamous in esophagus to one that can better deal with acid

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6
Q

how do reactive O2 species hurt the cell

A

attack proteins, lipids, and DNA - steal an electron, which leads to lipid per oxidation, DNA fragmentation, protein crosslinking

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7
Q

neutralizers of free radicals (antioxidants)

A

superoxide dismutase

catalase

glutathione peroxidase

vitamins

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8
Q

reversible injury

A

injury causes damage that can be repaired

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9
Q

irreversible injury

A

injury causes damage that cannot be repaired:

plasma membrane disruption, massive swelling of mitochondria, fragmentation of ER

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10
Q

necrosis

A

spectrum of morphologic changes resulting in enzymatic degradation of lethally injured cells

external insult to cell -> lysis -> inflammation

occurs in living tissues

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11
Q

features of necrosis

A

irreversible cell damage

karyolysis - nuclear membrane lysis and DNA floating in the cell

Pyknosis - nuclear shrinkage

Karyorrhexis - fragmentation of pyknotic nucleus

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12
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

ischemia leading to myocardial infarction

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13
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

bacterial abscess

stroke in the brain

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14
Q

gangrenous necrosis example

A

peripheral vascular disease causing reduced blood flow to toes

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15
Q

caseous necrosis

A

TB - macrophages making cheesy material to kill TB

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16
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

accumulation of amorphous, basic, proteinaceous material in the tissue matrix

malignant HTN or vasculitis

17
Q

Fat necrosis

A

destruction of fat

18
Q

apoptosis

A

neat and orderly process (unlike necrosis) via highly regulated enzymes

does not incite an inflammatory response

19
Q

what occurs in cytoplasm during apoptosis

A

cell shrinkage, formation of blebs/apoptotic bodies, mitochondria remain intact

20
Q

what occurs in nucleus during apoptosis

A

chromatin condensation

pyknosis

nuclear remnants packaged into apoptotic bodies

21
Q

Apoptosis extrinsic pathway

A

external death receptor

FAS ligand/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -> activation of caspases

22
Q

apoptosis intrinsic pathway

A

cell decides to die due to internal stress from DNA damage, radiation, etc

leakage of Cytochrome E from mitochondria -> activation of caspases (enzymes that chew up DNA and proteins in an orderly way)

23
Q

Bcl-2

A

blocks exit of cytochrome C out of the mitochondria (anti-apoptotic)

protooncogene

24
Q

Bax, Bim, Bid

A

pro-apoptotic

25
Q

apoptosome

A

generated by cytochrome C - stimulates caspase cascade

26
Q

hypoxia vs ischemia

A

hypoxia = lack of O2

ischemia = loss of blood supply