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NEUROANATOMY > Histology competition > Flashcards

Histology competition Flashcards

1
Q

define the location of tissure surrounding peripheral nerves?

A

in the fasicle: Endoneurium
around fasicle: Perineurion
around nerve and in interfasicular spaces: epineurion

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2
Q

what type of tissue is the endoneurium?

A

reticular CT of collagen type 1

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3
Q

what is in contact with the endoneurium?

A

it is in contact with the basal lamina of shwanncells

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4
Q

what are zona occludents?

A

tight junctions connecting cells

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5
Q

define the perineurium?

A

epithelial like structure of squamous cells connected together by zona occludents. it is the

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6
Q

what is the blood nerve barrier?

A

Perineurium

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7
Q

what are components of the epineurium?

A

Dens CT with adipose cells and vessles holding fasicles together

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8
Q

size of axons not myelinated?

A

under 2 um

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9
Q

proteincomponent of shwanncells?

A

neurokeratin

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10
Q

what type of neuron is the coeliac ganglion? and what is its neurotransmitter?

A

multipolar neuron with mainly acetylcholin neurotransmitter but also have a + b adrenergic receptors

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11
Q

supporting cells of perikarya? celiac ganglion

A

sattelite cells

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12
Q

supporting cells of the axons? celiac ganglion

A

shwann cells

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13
Q

type of neurons in submandibular ganglion?

A

multipolar size 20-40 um

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14
Q

what gives the preganglionoic fibers to the sunmandibular n?

A

lingual ganglion

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15
Q

what type of cells line the inner surface of the dura in spinal cord?

A

incomplete layer of squamous epithilial cells

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16
Q

what type of neuron in the Dorsal root ganglion? and what are its supporting cells?

A

psaudo unipolar neuron
sattelite cells: perykaria
shwanncells: axons

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17
Q

what is the capsule of the dorsal root ganglia an extention of?

A

the dura and it is called epineurium

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18
Q

what is sarcolemma?

A

spescialized cell membrane around striated muscle cells

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19
Q

structure of a motor end plate?

A

junctional folds to increase surfce area and contanes acetylcholine esterase enzyme

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20
Q

where do you find meissner corpuscles?

A

dermal papillary layer of hairless skin

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21
Q

what is the function of meissner corpuscles?

A

light touch
very adaptiv (t-shit feel then no feeling)
non-myelinated

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22
Q

what is the meissner corpuscles connected to?

A

the basal layer through collagen fibers

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23
Q

where can we foind pacinian corpuscles?

A

deep dermis and hypodermis of hairless skin

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24
Q

which types of collagen does pacinian corpuscles have?

A

4 and 2

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25
Q

what seperates the lamellae in the pascinian corpuscle?

A

lymphlike fluid

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26
Q

function of pacinian corpuscles?

A

rapid adaption
pressur and vibration
sensation comes for lamellar deformation

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27
Q

types of muscle spindle?

A

nuclear bag fibers

nuclear chain fibers

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28
Q

what is the part of a sensory cell that wraps around muscle spincle called?

A

annulospiral fibers

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29
Q

what type of sensory and motor neuron do we have in an muscle spindle?

A

sensory: Ia
Motor: alpha

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30
Q

origin and insertion of the denticulate ligament?

A

from pia to dural sac

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31
Q

which layer of the meninges is the drosal root?

A

subarachnoid space

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32
Q

what lines the central canal?

A

ependyma cells

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33
Q

why i the myelin sheet in the spinal cord blue and dottet looking?

A

myelin is not preserved during preparation so you see stain bound to neurokeratin. (the lipid is gone)

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34
Q

what is the myeling sheet of the white matter in spinal cord?

A

oligodendroglia

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35
Q

what is the difference between perykaria in dorsal and ventral horn grey matter?

A

dorsal: small to medium
ventral: large alpha and medium gamma motor perikarya

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36
Q

what are the granules you see in the perykaria in spinal cord neurons?

A

abundent rER for production of neurotransmitters

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37
Q

is the pia mater in direct contac with the nervefibers?

A

no, the astrocyte cells has processes creating a seperating layer called glia limitans

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38
Q

what are the six layers of the cerebral cortex called?

A

isocortex

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39
Q

what are stellate cells?

A

nerons with stellate shape and GABAnergic cells

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40
Q

where do we find BETZ cells?

A

in the inner pyramidal layer of the precentral gyrus cortex (motorcortex)

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41
Q

which fortec is refered to as agranular?

A

motorcortex

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42
Q

what are the gyrus in cerebellum called?

A

folium

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43
Q

what are the components of the cerebellar molecular layer?

A

basket cells
stellat cells
purkinje dendrites
paralell fibers

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44
Q

what are the components of the cerebellar purkinje layer?

A

purkinje cells
basket cell axons
granular cell dendrites
climbing fibers

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45
Q

what are the components of the cerebellar granular layer?

A

granular cells
golgi cells
mossy fibers
climbing fibers

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46
Q

how do you know the difference between pars compacta and pars reticulata in the SN?

A

pars compacta ha dopaminergic cell bodies contaning L-melanin granules = brown color
Pars reticulata does not.

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47
Q

which part of the substantial nigra reciver afferent from striatum?

A

pars reticulata

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48
Q

where do we have chromophobes?

A

adenohypophysis pars distalis

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49
Q

where can we find acidophils? and what does it secrete?

A

growth hormone
and prolactin

found in the adenohypophysis pars distalis

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50
Q

basophils? where and what

A 
TSH 
ACTH 
FSH 
LH  
adenohypophysis pars distalis
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51
Q

which cells can be found in the pars distalis of the aenohypophysis?

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobe

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52
Q

pituicytes what and where?

A

posterior hypophysis glial cells

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53
Q

what is produced by SON and PVN?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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54
Q

produced by follicular cells in thyroid?

A

T3 and T4 hormone

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55
Q

produced by parafollicular cells in parathyroid gland

A

calcitonin decrease calsium levels

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56
Q

principle chief cells where and what?

A

parathyroid hormone. increase blood calsium levels

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57
Q

oxyphil what and where?

A

in parathyroid gland. function not known

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58
Q

Zona glomerulosa cells what and where?

A

1st layer of adrenal cortex - ALDOSTERON

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59
Q

Zona fasiculata what and where

A

2nd layer of adrenal cortex - CORTISOL

60
Q

zona reticularis where and what?

A

3rd layer of adrenal cortex - ANDROGENS

61
Q

chromaffin where and what?

A

adrenal medulla N and NE

62
Q

pinealocyte what and where?

A

pineal gland - MELATONINE

63
Q

pancreac A cells

A

glucagon

64
Q

pancreas B cells

A

insulin

65
Q

pancreas D cells

A

somatostatin

66
Q

what type of epithelium covers the cornea?

A

stratified squamous

67
Q

what are synonyms for bowmans membrane and descements membrane?

A

anterior and posterior limiting membrane

68
Q

what type of cell can be found in the stormal layer of the cornea?

A

keranocytes (lumican and keratocan)

69
Q

how can you find the transition between the cornea and the conjuctiva?

A

conjuctiva has lamina propria and papillae

70
Q

where is the aquous humor drained?

A

fontana spaces into shlemms canal

71
Q

what is the iris an extention of?

A

choroid

72
Q

what type of epithelium does the iris have? (anteriorly)

A

incomplete with branching melanocytes and fibroblasts from the stroma

73
Q

what are the two inner layers of the iridial part of retina?

A

inner lightly pigmentet and outer highly pigmented. they continue into the cilliary body

74
Q

how many pigmentet layers does the cilliary body have?

A

only one, the inner layer her is not pigmented

75
Q

muscles of the cilliary body from medial?

A

maridonal
radial
circular

76
Q

define the iridial and cilliary retinal epitheliam layers?

A

iridial has to pigmented

cilliary has only one

77
Q

whick celltypes can be found in the inner nuclear layer of the retina?

A

bipolar
mularian
amacrine
horizontal

78
Q

type of vision is cones?

A

bright light (color)

79
Q

type of color in rods?

A

dim light (black/white)

80
Q

where is the nuclei of rods and cones located?

A

outer nuclear layer

81
Q

what part of the cones are located in the cone and rods layer?

A

photoreceptor part

82
Q

what is found in the outer plexiform layer of retina?

A

sunaps between horixontal bipolar and photoreceptor cells

83
Q

what is found in the inner plexiform layer?

A

synapses between amacrine and bipolar cells

84
Q

1st to 4th order neuron in visual pathway?

A
  1. photoreceptors
  2. bipolar cells
  3. larg ganglionic cella
  4. geniculate cells
85
Q

are the nervefibers of the retina myelinated?

A

no, they become myelinated as they pierce the sclera

86
Q

glands of the tarsalis plate?

A

meibomian glands - sebascous but no hair follicle

87
Q

glads in the anterior palpebral region?

A

Zeiss glands - sebascous

Moll glands - apocrine (margin)

88
Q

what type of gland is the lacrimal gland?

A

serous gland

89
Q

what is special with the duct system of lacrimal gland?

A

no striated or intercalated ducts

90
Q

what is the shape of the cochlea?

A

labyrinthine bony framework called osseous labyrinth with central modiolus spongy bone

91
Q

whick part of the basilar membrane supports the organ of corti?

A

zona arcuata (medial component)

92
Q

what divides the scala vestibuli into vestibuli and cochlear duct?

what type of membrane is it?

A

vestibular membrane

double layer squamous seperated by basal membrane

93
Q

what is the vestibular membrane connected to?

A

medial: limbus of spiral lamina

lateral stria vascularis of spiral ligament

94
Q

what is the stria vascularis in the cochlear duct?

what is spescial about it?

A

vascular lateral wall of cochlear duct with darkly stained marginal cells

only place in the body where epithelia has its own intraepithelial capillary network

95
Q

what is the extension of the spiral limbus epithelium?

A

tectorial membrane

96
Q

another name for vestibular ligament?

A

reissners ligament

97
Q

what is covered by the tectorial membrane?

A

inner spiral tunnel

98
Q

what is the liquid content of the scala vestibuli and tympani?

A

perilymph

99
Q

what is the liquid component of the scala media (cochlear duct) ?

A

endolymph

100
Q

what are the components of the spiral lamina

A

upper spiral limbus
cochlear nervefibers
lower spiral lamina

101
Q

what is secretet by the tooth of the epithilieal cells over the spiral limbus?

A

cell are called tooth and they secrete the a stiff gelatinous substance of the membrane

102
Q

what does the anterior commisure connect?

A

olfactory areas

103
Q

what is the function of the nucleus basalis of meynert?

A

main source of acetylcholine to cortex

104
Q

where does the different part of the hypophysis develop from?

A

adeno: hypophysial placode
neuro: floor of diencephalon - stalk

105
Q

what are the parts of the adenohypophysis?

A

pars tuberalis
pars intermedius
pars distalis

106
Q

how is the neurotransmiters released to the hypophysial gland?

A

firt secreted to capillaries then taken to the gland through circulation

107
Q

in the hypophysial slide what are the big purple dens spots and the small purple cell around them?

A

big spots: rathkers cysts

small cells: MSH producing cells

108
Q

what are herringers bodies?

A

outpckets of axons accululating neurotransmitters

109
Q

what is the neurotransmitter in the herringers body?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

110
Q

what is filled in the thyroid gland follicles?

A

storing and accumulation of T3 and T4 hormone in a thyroglobomodulin fluid

111
Q

what are the name of the cells secreating T3 and T4?

A

thyrocytes making up the follicle

112
Q

cells of the thyroid gland?

A

parafollicular cell/c-cell/clear cell - calcitonin - decrease calsium levels
thyrocyte - T3 AND T4
main cell - stemcell

113
Q

what regulates the ativity of the thyroid hormone secreting cells?

A

TSH so the follicles have receptors

114
Q

what is the innervation of the thyroid gland?

A

sympatetic from: S M I cervical ganglia

parasymp: superior and recurrent laryngeal n.

115
Q

cells of the parathyroid gland ?

A

chief cells - parathyroid hormone inc. calsium levels

116
Q

what does the brown granules in the medulla of the adrenal cortex represent?

A

NE and E granules

117
Q

what formes the brainsand in the pineal gland?

A

abundent secretion and accuulation of calsium

118
Q

what innervates the pineal gland?

A

superior cervical ganglion

119
Q

acidophils secrete prolactin what is the target and effect?

A

mammilary gland - milk secretion

120
Q

acidophils secrete HGF what is the target and effect?

A

bone - growth
muscle - growth
adipose tissue - growth

121
Q

basophils secrete ACTH, target and effet?

A

adrenal cortex - secretion

122
Q

basophils secrete TSH, target and effet?

A

thyroid gland - secretion

123
Q

basophils secrete FSH and LH, target and effet?

A

testis FSH - spermatogenesis
testis - LH - testosteron secretion
ovary FSH - estrogen secretion follicular develpment
ovary LH - ovulation - progesteron secretion

124
Q

what are the name of the lobe opening into the nipple for milk secretion? and what is it lined with?

A

lactiferous duct lined with stratified squamous epithelium

125
Q

what can be seen in the apical parts of the milksecreting cells?

A

lipid droplets secreted through apocrine secretion

126
Q

how is the milkprotein secreted from the milksecreting cells?

A

exocytosis

127
Q

what is the source of immuglobin in the mammary milk?

A

plasmacytes (activ B-cells)

128
Q

what is special about the subcutaneous layer of the eyelid?

A

never contain fat cells!! hairfollicles does not have erector pillea muscle

129
Q

what type of gland stretches from the hypodermis to the epidermis?

A

eccrine sweat glands

130
Q

whats make up the glia limitans in cerebellum?

A

Bergman cells

131
Q

which layer does the afferent fibers from thalamus to cerebral cortex reach in the thalamocortico path?

A

V. inner granular

132
Q

which layer of the cerbral cortex sends fibers to intercortical areas? and what is the ratio of the two fibertypes?

A

III. outer pyramidal layer - mostly associating fibers

V. mostly comissural fibers

133
Q

what type of fibers can be found in the cortico-cortico connections?

A

associating and comissural fibers

134
Q

which layer of the cerebral cortex sends corticothalamic feedback to thalamus?

A

VI. multiform layer

135
Q

where in the molecular layer of cerebellum can you find the basket cells?

A

close to the cerebellar layer

136
Q

what is a part of a Glomeruli synaps in cerebellum?

A

Mossy fibers
Granular dendrite
Golgi axon

137
Q

what is the difference between the basilar membrane at the base and apex on the cochlea?

A

wider in the apex so more sensitiv to lower frequence

increased stiffness at the base so more sensitiv to high frequence

138
Q

what regulates the activity of haircells?

A

olivocochlear tract - from superior olive to haircells

139
Q

how manny inner and outer haircells do we have and what supports them?

A

1 inner supported by 1 deiters phalangeal cell

3 outer supported by 3 deiters phalangeal cells

140
Q

what is the effect of climbing fibers to cerebellum?

A

activating effect

141
Q

which cells are on the outside of the deiters phalangeal cells?

A

hensen pillar cells superior and boettcher cells inferior

142
Q

what can change the treshold of hearing?

A

outer haircells because they can tune te basilar membrane

143
Q

what regulates the activity of hormonesecreting cells in the hypophysis?

A

inhbitory and release stimulating neurons from tuber cinarum through the tuboinfundibular tract to the first capillary network

144
Q

where does the eins og the hypophysis drain?

A

cavernous sinus

145
Q

bloodsupply for the hypophysis?

A

superior hypophysial artery to the adenohypophysis
inferior hypophysisal artery to neurohypophysis
both from ICA

146
Q

how can you identify the herringer bodies in the neurohypophysis?

A

cloud like with granules. the black ones are pityicytes

NEUROANATOMY (10 decks)

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