Histology competition Flashcards
1
Q
define the location of tissure surrounding peripheral nerves?
A
in the fasicle: Endoneurium
around fasicle: Perineurion
around nerve and in interfasicular spaces: epineurion
2
Q
what type of tissue is the endoneurium?
A
reticular CT of collagen type 1
3
Q
what is in contact with the endoneurium?
A
it is in contact with the basal lamina of shwanncells
4
Q
what are zona occludents?
A
tight junctions connecting cells
5
Q
define the perineurium?
A
epithelial like structure of squamous cells connected together by zona occludents. it is the
6
Q
what is the blood nerve barrier?
A
Perineurium
7
Q
what are components of the epineurium?
A
Dens CT with adipose cells and vessles holding fasicles together
8
Q
size of axons not myelinated?
A
under 2 um
9
Q
proteincomponent of shwanncells?
A
neurokeratin
10
Q
what type of neuron is the coeliac ganglion? and what is its neurotransmitter?
A
multipolar neuron with mainly acetylcholin neurotransmitter but also have a + b adrenergic receptors
11
Q
supporting cells of perikarya? celiac ganglion
A
sattelite cells
12
Q
supporting cells of the axons? celiac ganglion
A
shwann cells
13
Q
type of neurons in submandibular ganglion?
A
multipolar size 20-40 um
14
Q
what gives the preganglionoic fibers to the sunmandibular n?
A
lingual ganglion
15
Q
what type of cells line the inner surface of the dura in spinal cord?
A
incomplete layer of squamous epithilial cells
16
Q
what type of neuron in the Dorsal root ganglion? and what are its supporting cells?
A
psaudo unipolar neuron
sattelite cells: perykaria
shwanncells: axons
17
Q
what is the capsule of the dorsal root ganglia an extention of?
A
the dura and it is called epineurium
18
Q
what is sarcolemma?
A
spescialized cell membrane around striated muscle cells
19
Q
structure of a motor end plate?
A
junctional folds to increase surfce area and contanes acetylcholine esterase enzyme
20
Q
where do you find meissner corpuscles?
A
dermal papillary layer of hairless skin
21
Q
what is the function of meissner corpuscles?
A
light touch
very adaptiv (t-shit feel then no feeling)
non-myelinated
22
Q
what is the meissner corpuscles connected to?
A
the basal layer through collagen fibers
23
Q
where can we foind pacinian corpuscles?
A
deep dermis and hypodermis of hairless skin
24
Q
which types of collagen does pacinian corpuscles have?
A
4 and 2
25
what seperates the lamellae in the pascinian corpuscle?
lymphlike fluid
26
function of pacinian corpuscles?
rapid adaption
pressur and vibration
sensation comes for lamellar deformation
27
types of muscle spindle?
nuclear bag fibers
| nuclear chain fibers
28
what is the part of a sensory cell that wraps around muscle spincle called?
annulospiral fibers
29
what type of sensory and motor neuron do we have in an muscle spindle?
sensory: Ia
Motor: alpha
30
origin and insertion of the denticulate ligament?
from pia to dural sac
31
which layer of the meninges is the drosal root?
subarachnoid space
32
what lines the central canal?
ependyma cells
33
why i the myelin sheet in the spinal cord blue and dottet looking?
myelin is not preserved during preparation so you see stain bound to neurokeratin. (the lipid is gone)
34
what is the myeling sheet of the white matter in spinal cord?
oligodendroglia
35
what is the difference between perykaria in dorsal and ventral horn grey matter?
dorsal: small to medium
ventral: large alpha and medium gamma motor perikarya
36
what are the granules you see in the perykaria in spinal cord neurons?
abundent rER for production of neurotransmitters
37
is the pia mater in direct contac with the nervefibers?
no, the astrocyte cells has processes creating a seperating layer called glia limitans
38
what are the six layers of the cerebral cortex called?
isocortex
39
what are stellate cells?
nerons with stellate shape and GABAnergic cells
40
where do we find BETZ cells?
in the inner pyramidal layer of the precentral gyrus cortex (motorcortex)
41
which fortec is refered to as agranular?
motorcortex
42
what are the gyrus in cerebellum called?
folium
43
what are the components of the cerebellar molecular layer?
basket cells
stellat cells
purkinje dendrites
paralell fibers
44
what are the components of the cerebellar purkinje layer?
purkinje cells
basket cell axons
granular cell dendrites
climbing fibers
45
what are the components of the cerebellar granular layer?
granular cells
golgi cells
mossy fibers
climbing fibers
46
how do you know the difference between pars compacta and pars reticulata in the SN?
pars compacta ha dopaminergic cell bodies contaning L-melanin granules = brown color
Pars reticulata does not.
47
which part of the substantial nigra reciver afferent from striatum?
pars reticulata
48
where do we have chromophobes?
adenohypophysis pars distalis
49
where can we find acidophils? and what does it secrete?
growth hormone
and prolactin
found in the adenohypophysis pars distalis
50
basophils? where and what
```
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
adenohypophysis pars distalis
```
51
which cells can be found in the pars distalis of the aenohypophysis?
acidophils
basophils
chromophobe
52
pituicytes what and where?
posterior hypophysis glial cells
53
what is produced by SON and PVN?
oxytocin and vasopressin
54
produced by follicular cells in thyroid?
T3 and T4 hormone
55
produced by parafollicular cells in parathyroid gland
calcitonin decrease calsium levels
56
principle chief cells where and what?
parathyroid hormone. increase blood calsium levels
57
oxyphil what and where?
in parathyroid gland. function not known
58
Zona glomerulosa cells what and where?
1st layer of adrenal cortex - ALDOSTERON
59
Zona fasiculata what and where
2nd layer of adrenal cortex - CORTISOL
60
zona reticularis where and what?
3rd layer of adrenal cortex - ANDROGENS
61
chromaffin where and what?
adrenal medulla N and NE
62
pinealocyte what and where?
pineal gland - MELATONINE
63
pancreac A cells
glucagon
64
pancreas B cells
insulin
65
pancreas D cells
somatostatin
66
what type of epithelium covers the cornea?
stratified squamous
67
what are synonyms for bowmans membrane and descements membrane?
anterior and posterior limiting membrane
68
what type of cell can be found in the stormal layer of the cornea?
keranocytes (lumican and keratocan)
69
how can you find the transition between the cornea and the conjuctiva?
conjuctiva has lamina propria and papillae
70
where is the aquous humor drained?
fontana spaces into shlemms canal
71
what is the iris an extention of?
choroid
72
what type of epithelium does the iris have? (anteriorly)
incomplete with branching melanocytes and fibroblasts from the stroma
73
what are the two inner layers of the iridial part of retina?
inner lightly pigmentet and outer highly pigmented. they continue into the cilliary body
74
how many pigmentet layers does the cilliary body have?
only one, the inner layer her is not pigmented
75
muscles of the cilliary body from medial?
maridonal
radial
circular
76
define the iridial and cilliary retinal epitheliam layers?
iridial has to pigmented
| cilliary has only one
77
whick celltypes can be found in the inner nuclear layer of the retina?
bipolar
mularian
amacrine
horizontal
78
type of vision is cones?
bright light (color)
79
type of color in rods?
dim light (black/white)
80
where is the nuclei of rods and cones located?
outer nuclear layer
81
what part of the cones are located in the cone and rods layer?
photoreceptor part
82
what is found in the outer plexiform layer of retina?
sunaps between horixontal bipolar and photoreceptor cells
83
what is found in the inner plexiform layer?
synapses between amacrine and bipolar cells
84
1st to 4th order neuron in visual pathway?
1. photoreceptors
2. bipolar cells
3. larg ganglionic cella
4. geniculate cells
85
are the nervefibers of the retina myelinated?
no, they become myelinated as they pierce the sclera
86
glands of the tarsalis plate?
meibomian glands - sebascous but no hair follicle
87
glads in the anterior palpebral region?
Zeiss glands - sebascous
| Moll glands - apocrine (margin)
88
what type of gland is the lacrimal gland?
serous gland
89
what is special with the duct system of lacrimal gland?
no striated or intercalated ducts
90
what is the shape of the cochlea?
labyrinthine bony framework called osseous labyrinth with central modiolus spongy bone
91
whick part of the basilar membrane supports the organ of corti?
zona arcuata (medial component)
92
what divides the scala vestibuli into vestibuli and cochlear duct?
what type of membrane is it?
vestibular membrane
double layer squamous seperated by basal membrane
93
what is the vestibular membrane connected to?
medial: limbus of spiral lamina
| lateral stria vascularis of spiral ligament
94
what is the stria vascularis in the cochlear duct?
what is spescial about it?
vascular lateral wall of cochlear duct with darkly stained marginal cells
only place in the body where epithelia has its own intraepithelial capillary network
95
what is the extension of the spiral limbus epithelium?
tectorial membrane
96
another name for vestibular ligament?
reissners ligament
97
what is covered by the tectorial membrane?
inner spiral tunnel
98
what is the liquid content of the scala vestibuli and tympani?
perilymph
99
what is the liquid component of the scala media (cochlear duct) ?
endolymph
100
what are the components of the spiral lamina
upper spiral limbus
cochlear nervefibers
lower spiral lamina
101
what is secretet by the tooth of the epithilieal cells over the spiral limbus?
cell are called tooth and they secrete the a stiff gelatinous substance of the membrane
102
what does the anterior commisure connect?
olfactory areas
103
what is the function of the nucleus basalis of meynert?
main source of acetylcholine to cortex
104
where does the different part of the hypophysis develop from?
adeno: hypophysial placode
neuro: floor of diencephalon - stalk
105
what are the parts of the adenohypophysis?
pars tuberalis
pars intermedius
pars distalis
106
how is the neurotransmiters released to the hypophysial gland?
firt secreted to capillaries then taken to the gland through circulation
107
in the hypophysial slide what are the big purple dens spots and the small purple cell around them?
big spots: rathkers cysts
| small cells: MSH producing cells
108
what are herringers bodies?
outpckets of axons accululating neurotransmitters
109
what is the neurotransmitter in the herringers body?
oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)
110
what is filled in the thyroid gland follicles?
storing and accumulation of T3 and T4 hormone in a thyroglobomodulin fluid
111
what are the name of the cells secreating T3 and T4?
thyrocytes making up the follicle
112
cells of the thyroid gland?
parafollicular cell/c-cell/clear cell - calcitonin - decrease calsium levels
thyrocyte - T3 AND T4
main cell - stemcell
113
what regulates the ativity of the thyroid hormone secreting cells?
TSH so the follicles have receptors
114
what is the innervation of the thyroid gland?
sympatetic from: S M I cervical ganglia
| parasymp: superior and recurrent laryngeal n.
115
cells of the parathyroid gland ?
chief cells - parathyroid hormone inc. calsium levels
116
what does the brown granules in the medulla of the adrenal cortex represent?
NE and E granules
117
what formes the brainsand in the pineal gland?
abundent secretion and accuulation of calsium
118
what innervates the pineal gland?
superior cervical ganglion
119
acidophils secrete prolactin what is the target and effect?
mammilary gland - milk secretion
120
acidophils secrete HGF what is the target and effect?
bone - growth
muscle - growth
adipose tissue - growth
121
basophils secrete ACTH, target and effet?
adrenal cortex - secretion
122
basophils secrete TSH, target and effet?
thyroid gland - secretion
123
basophils secrete FSH and LH, target and effet?
testis FSH - spermatogenesis
testis - LH - testosteron secretion
ovary FSH - estrogen secretion follicular develpment
ovary LH - ovulation - progesteron secretion
124
what are the name of the lobe opening into the nipple for milk secretion? and what is it lined with?
lactiferous duct lined with stratified squamous epithelium
125
what can be seen in the apical parts of the milksecreting cells?
lipid droplets secreted through apocrine secretion
126
how is the milkprotein secreted from the milksecreting cells?
exocytosis
127
what is the source of immuglobin in the mammary milk?
plasmacytes (activ B-cells)
128
what is special about the subcutaneous layer of the eyelid?
never contain fat cells!! hairfollicles does not have erector pillea muscle
129
what type of gland stretches from the hypodermis to the epidermis?
eccrine sweat glands
130
whats make up the glia limitans in cerebellum?
Bergman cells
131
which layer does the afferent fibers from thalamus to cerebral cortex reach in the thalamocortico path?
V. inner granular
132
which layer of the cerbral cortex sends fibers to intercortical areas? and what is the ratio of the two fibertypes?
III. outer pyramidal layer - mostly associating fibers
| V. mostly comissural fibers
133
what type of fibers can be found in the cortico-cortico connections?
associating and comissural fibers
134
which layer of the cerebral cortex sends corticothalamic feedback to thalamus?
VI. multiform layer
135
where in the molecular layer of cerebellum can you find the basket cells?
close to the cerebellar layer
136
what is a part of a Glomeruli synaps in cerebellum?
Mossy fibers
Granular dendrite
Golgi axon
137
what is the difference between the basilar membrane at the base and apex on the cochlea?
wider in the apex so more sensitiv to lower frequence
| increased stiffness at the base so more sensitiv to high frequence
138
what regulates the activity of haircells?
olivocochlear tract - from superior olive to haircells
139
how manny inner and outer haircells do we have and what supports them?
1 inner supported by 1 deiters phalangeal cell
| 3 outer supported by 3 deiters phalangeal cells
140
what is the effect of climbing fibers to cerebellum?
activating effect
141
which cells are on the outside of the deiters phalangeal cells?
hensen pillar cells superior and boettcher cells inferior
142
what can change the treshold of hearing?
outer haircells because they can tune te basilar membrane
143
what regulates the activity of hormonesecreting cells in the hypophysis?
inhbitory and release stimulating neurons from tuber cinarum through the tuboinfundibular tract to the first capillary network
144
where does the eins og the hypophysis drain?
cavernous sinus
145
bloodsupply for the hypophysis?
superior hypophysial artery to the adenohypophysis
inferior hypophysisal artery to neurohypophysis
both from ICA
146
how can you identify the herringer bodies in the neurohypophysis?
cloud like with granules. the black ones are pityicytes
