for competition! Flashcards by Sabrina Maleki

where does the CNS develop from?

nerual tube and neural crest

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part of the nerual tube derivatives?

craniel - brain
caudal - spinalcord
central canal ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

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the cell layers of the neural tube?

Inner: ventricular layer - neural epithelial cells - ependyma cells - cell divisinon site

intermidiat zone: mantle layer - neuroblasts - grey matter

Marginal zone: neuroblast processes - white matter

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what is the neocortex?

same as palleocortex and it is the isocortex of the hemispheres

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what is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?

medial surface of neocortex (palleocortex)

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where can you find the anterior cerebral artery?

between the two hemispheres

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where can u find the middler cerebral artery?

in the lateral fissure

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what is supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

superolateral neocortex and basal ganglia

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what is the anterior choroidal artery a branch of?

internal catorid artery

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what are the most important branches of the ICA?

anterior cerebral - ant. com.
middle cerebral 
anterior choroid 
opthalmic 
posterior communicating

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branches of the vertebral artery?

anterior and posterior spinal artery

PICA - giver posterior choroid artery

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branches of the basilar artery?

AICA 
labyrinthine a.
pontne a.
superior cerebellar ar. 
posterior cerebral a. (anastomose with post. com. a.)

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what is supplied by the anterior choroidal artery?

upper mesencephalon
optic tract
thala and hypothalamus
hippocampus

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supplied by pica

medulla and 4th ventricle inferior part of posterior cerebellar lobe

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what makes of the great vein of galenus?

internal cerebral vein and basal vein of rosenthal

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where does the great vein drain?

straight sinus

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branches of the internal cerebral vein?

thalomostriat and choroid veins

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what are the two anastomotic veins of the superficial middle cerebral vein?

s. labbe

i. troland

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what is the layers of the BBB?

capillary endothelial cells
basal membrane 
glia limitans (astrocytes)

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which arterie supply the dura?

from anterior to posterior:

1) opthalmic a.
2) maxillary a.
3) acending pharyngeal a.

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start and end of the spinal cord?

formen magnus to L2 (Conus medullaris)

then internal fila terminalis stretches from pia do tura and continues as external fila terminalis to S2

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bloodsupply to the spinal cord?

to PSA and one ASP
anastomosis between them is the coronal arteries
segmental arteries from aorta
lower spinal cord: Adamkiewicz from intercostals branch of aorta

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bloodsupply to the spinal cord?

to PSA and one ASP
anastomosis between them is the coronal arteries
segmental arteries from aorta gives reticular branches
lower spinal cord: Adamkiewicz from intercostals branch of aorta (largest feeder path)

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what can be found in the epidural space of the spinal cord?

fat and spinal venous plexus

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which meningeal layer forms he epineurium of the spinal nerves?

dural sag extensions

which meningeal layer formed the perineurium?

arachnoid mater

which lamina formes the clarcks nucleus?

lamina 6

which rexed lamina can we find the inhibitory neurons anf what are they called?

in lamina 7, they er called Rensshaw neurons

which rexed lamina can we find the motorneurons a and g?

lamina 9

where can we find the perikarya of the spinothalamic tract?

sustential gelatinosa

receptors for epicritic sensation?

vibration and fine touch (passinian and meissner)

where does the arcuate fibers cross in brainstem?

lower medulla

which lamina does the spinothalamic tract go to?

I, IV, V

spinoreticular tract?

follow spinothalamic but projects to the brainstem reticular formation. carries information about slow excrutiation pain

where does the spinothalamic tract synps compared to medial lemniscal system?

medial lemniscal synaps in the lower medulla as arcuate fibers. spinothalamic tract synaps in dorsal horn befor crossing in the spinal cord

what type of fibers are there in the ALS?

Ad and C fibers

what type of fibers are MLS?

Aa for proprioception | Ab for touch and pressure

what is the direct continuation of the dorsal horn in the brainstem?

trigminal ganglion

how many decussations does the ant. spinocerebellar tract have?

first in spinar segment then after superior colliculus so it ends up ipsilateral

where in the body does ant. spinocerebellar tract sent inpulses from?

lower limb golgi tendon with Ib fibers, corr. to rostral spinocerebellar in upper limb

where in the body does post. spinocerebellar tract sent inpulses from?

under T6 golgi and muscle spindle to clarck's columb, then ipsilateral to cerebellum via Ia Ib and II fibers

cuneo-cerebellar tract?

same as post. spinocerebellar but is for upper limb. goes to ass. cuneat nucleus

which spinocerebellar tract is ipsi and which cross?

ant. cross but cross again in cerebellum so ipsi olivo cross but cross again in medulla so ipsi post, cuneo, rostral no crossing THEREFOR ALL ARE IPSILATERAL!

only spinocerebellar tract where first order neruon synaps is in medulla?

only cuneo, rest synaps in spinal cord!

what is importent with the nucleus raphe?

main soruce of seretonin to CNS | importent for wakefulness and sleep

what is locus ceruleus?

norandreneric pathway providind norandreneric innervation to the CNS

spino tectal tract?

goes to superior colliculus noiciceptiv - reflex head movment to side of irr. cross in spinal cord synaps lamina I and V

corticobulbar tract to which nuclei?

midbrain: III, IV pons: V, VI, VII medulla: XII

where does the decussation of the corticospina tract happen?

lateral decussates only in pyramids | anterior decussates only in spinal segment

rubrospinal tract?

goes to motorneurons at anterior horn and synaps on inhibitory and exitatory interneurons act. flexors inhibit ext.

function of lateral vestibular system?

gravity muscles (axial) - upright posture

function of medial vestibular system?

coordinativ head and eye movment | synaps on inhibitor head and neck neurons

which tract is the only tract that is uncrossed??

vestibulospinal

where does the tectospinal tract go to?

cervical regions

function of the tectospinal tract?

visual and postural movment in respons to visual and auditory stimulus

innervated by the hypoglosal?

all toung muscles ex. palatoglossus

which ganglion does the lacrimal nerve get its parasumpathetic fibers from?

pterigopalatine ganglion

main braches of the opthalmic n?

frontal nasociliary lacrimal

main branches of maxillary?

zygomatic infraorbital palatine

main branches of mandibular?

``` auricotemporal lingual inferior alveolar buccal massenteric deep temporal medial pterigoid lateral pterigoid tensor tympani tensor veli palatini ```

where does the auriculotemporal nerve get is presynaptic parasymp. fibers from?

pre: lesser petrosal into otic ganglion

where does the lingual nerve gets is presynaptic parasymp. fibers from?

facial branch - chorda tymphani n.

which two paths does the autonomous reflex arch take?

parietal to skinn vessles, erector pinea and sweatglands | visceral to wall of internal organs

what is the name of the nerve of the visceral branch when it leaves the paravertebral trunk?

sphlancnic nerve

where can we find the autonomous reflex arch?

T1 -L2

what is the neurotransmitter of the first and secong synaps of the autonomic reflex arch?

1. acetylcholin 2. cholinergic | except sweatglands, they always have Ach

which prevertebral ganglions do we have?

sup. and inf. messenteric ganglion | celiac ganglion

BA primary sensory?

3,1,2

BA somatosensory association area?

5,7

BA primary visual cortex?

BA secundary and tertiary visual cortex?

18, 19

BA auditory cortex?

41,42

BA sensory speach area?

40, 39

BA wrenicks area?

BA motor speech area of Broca?

44,45

BA premotor cortex?

BA taste ?

BA primary motor area?

what are the two first branches of the brachial plexus roots?

dorsal scapular from C5 | long thoracic from C5-7

what are the branches of the trunks of the brachial plexus?

suprascapular from C5 | nerve to subclavius C5-6

what are the cord of the brachial plexus and what makes them?

Lateral cord: ant divisions of superior trunk + middle trunk posterior cord: inferior division of superior trunk + middle trunk + inferior trunk Middle cord: ant. division of inferior trunk

branches of the posterior cord of brachial plexus?

``` ULTRA upper subscapular lower subscapular nerve thoracodorsal nerve radial nerve axillary nerve ```