Histology #6 (Digestive) Flashcards
Esophogus
Overall - Tube that moves food from the the pharynx and the stomach by peristalisis
Bolus food reaches the pharux –> upper esopheogeal spicter relaxes –> bolus enters the esophgus –> food goes to the distal region of the esophgus –> sphicter relaxes and allows food to go to the stomach
Layers of the esophogus
Mucosa (innermost layer) –> Submucosa –> Muscolaris Propria –> Adventitia
Different parts of teh GI tract have different structres and functions but the main layers reman the same
Esophogeal Mucosa
Three Layers:
1. Epithelium
2. Laminca Propiria (conective stiius eto support epithelum)
3. Muscularis Mucosa (smooth mucscle)
Made up of Stratified squamus non-keritonosized cells
Lower Esophogeal Spincter (not an anotomical sphicter it is a functional sphicter)
- When damaged = get stomach acid to esophogus
Image
Esophogeal Submucosa
Contains fibroblasts + elastin fibers + sparse galnglia (Meissner PLexus) + lymphatic chanels + blood vessels + submucosal glands
- Elastic fibers = alows te esophgus to expand when food passes through
Submucosal glands comprised of mucinous cells surrounding a central lumen that prdouce acid mucin
- Submucosal = scretes mucous to lurbricate the surface of the esophogus
Esphogeal Muscularis propria
Composed of straited skelatal muscle + smooth mucles
- Skeltal mucles = in the proximal (upper) esophogus –> allows volentray control
- Smooth mucles = in the distal esophogus
- In middle of esphogus = have combination of skelatal and smooth mucle
Inner layer orients circumferentially ; outter later orients longitudley –> orientation allows segmental contracts and preistalsis
Between the inner and outter layer there are Myenteric plexuses (nerves and ganglia) - allows for rythmic contract for parastalsis
Image - Red arrows shows the inner layer is circular and the outter layer is longitidinal
Defintion of skelatal vs. Smooth mucle
Define skelatal and smooth muscle by the straitions of the muscle
Esophogeal Adventitia
Outter most layer
Composed of Loose iregular tissue
Function - Connect esophogus toe xternal sturctures (connect to retroperitineal organs)
Bottom of the esophogus - Last 1-2 cm of the esophogus = Serosa
- Covered by serosa within teh abdominal cavity
- Serosa = Simple squamours epithelium or mesothelium
Other structure:
1. Lymphatic vessles
2. Adipocytes
3. Aretry
Image
Pits and Glands of the stomach (overall)
The cardiace, fundic, and pyloric regions of the stomach contain different arrangments of gastric pits/glands
- Different regions have different pits/gands
Perfertaions of the lining of the stomach = leads to gastric pits –> go to glands at the bottom
- Glands scerete mucous + digestive enzymes
- Columnar epithelial cells
Cardiac region of the stomach
Cardia is a narrw curcular region at the gastrointestinal junction
- Secretes aliline mucous = protects the esophogeal mucosa and prevenst stomach acid from going up
Histology - Thin layer of mucosa and reduced bumber of gastric pits/Glands
- Pits at the tome ; glands a the bottom
- Pits and glands are the same size
Fundic region of the stomach
Projects into a dome like stricture above the sophogus fomring the largest and central region of the stomach
Has glands that secrete digetsive ezumes and proteins that aid in digestion
Fundic region of the stomach histology
Pista re thick and short ; glands are larger
Pyloric region of the stomach
Funnel shape opening up into the pyloric sphicter
Contains long pits and mucous secreting glands
- Glands make pepsin to aid in digestion
Histology - Deeper pits (longer) and shorter glads
- Glands produce gastrin hormone
Fundic stomach Cells
- Findic surface mucousal cells
- Fundic neck mucous cells
- Parietalc ells
- Cheif cells
- Eneroendrocrone cells G cells)
Fundic tomach cells (Mucoousal cells)
Overall - mucosal cells provde a protective barrier
Funcic surface mucosal cells + Fundic neck mucous cells BOTh fucntion in protectsion
Surface cells = secrete Alkiline mucous
Neck cells (bottom cells) = Secret Acidic mucous
Image - Histoligy - reselble gblet cels (have pocket space + less nulceus to create more mucous to create a protective barrier)
Fundic tomach cells (Pareital cells)
Function - Facilitate digestion through sceretions
- Use protom pump to make HCl
- Secret Gastric Acid (HCl) –> rasies the acity of the stomach –> Actvates gastric enzymes and kills bacteria (creates unsuitable envirnment for pathigen replication ; acts as extension of immune)
- Functions in digestion + Absorption
- ALSO secretes intrinsic factr which is required for B12 absorption
Fundic tomach cells (Pareital cells) - Histology
Image - shows where the pareital cells are located
Parteal cells = posses a “fred egg” appearnce – round cnetral nuceleus/medium sized cytoplasm + eosenphilic cytoplasm
Fundic tomach cells (Cheif cells)
Function - Work together with parietal cells to induce digestive actuvity
- Make enzymes that need an acidic envirnment to function
Secrets:
1. Pepsinogen –> Actiavted by gastric acid to become pepsin
- Pepsin = proteolytic enzyme that cleaves proteins –> get peptodes that can be absorbed
2. Lipase –> Breaks down fats
3. Leptin –> communicates with the brain to control signlas for food intake and energy expenditure
- High leptin = no hunger ; lack leptin = need energy
Fundic tomach cells - Cheif cell vs. pareitalc ell histology
Pareital cells = more eosenphilic Vs. cheif cells will have blue/pruple cytoplasm
Cheof cells = have eccentric nuceli vs. parietal cells tend to have central nucelus
Enteroedocrne cells
Example - G Cells
G Cell Function - provide important role in controling digestion (stimulatiion and regulation of digestion)
- Works iwth the nervous system to make gastrin and intiate digestive actions
Seretes gastrin –> secretion induces HCl production in pareital cells
G cell Histology
Located near the base of glands in the stomach
- If have G-Cel hyperplasia = have more cells in the base
Hard to see with H and E ; commonly idetified with IHC (use anti-gastrin)
Inner lining of the esophogus
Inner lining of the esophogus is mainly composed of squamous cels
Barret’s esophogus
Damage of the inner lining of teh esophogus
No Symotomes
Associated with GERD (acid reflux to the esophogus causing heartburn + indigetion + nocterunal regurgitation)
Sigonised with endoscopy + biopsy
- Barets is supsected by salmon pink color (normal is white) and confirmed but microscopic examination of cells
Barret’s esophogus Pathophysiology
Acid goes from the stomach to the lower part of teh esophogus (GERD)
Acid damages the inner lining of the esophogus
Have Intestinal metaplasia - sequmous to columnar goblet cells (intestinal cells)
- Goblet cells are more resistent to stomach acid
Barret’s esophogus Histology
Have intestinal type cells in the esophogus
See trasnitiion of starfied squamous to intestinal columnar (goblet cells)
Barret’s esophogus vs. Chroic brinchitus
BOTH = indicated by metaplasia but different types
Barretts - intetsinal metaplasia (statified squamous to columnar intestinal epithelium)
Chronic mronchitus - sqamous metaplasia (psudostratfied columnar to squamous)
Image - see the metaplasia
Lacteals
Location - ONLY found in the small intestine
- Located centrally in teh villi within the lamina propria
- Function of SI = absorb Nutrietnst (does so because of the villi)
- lacteals = Lymphatic vessels in the Villi
Function - absorb dietary fats and fat soluble vitamens + affect gut immune repsone by facolitatiing the transport of antigen and antigen presenting cells
Lacteals + fat absorption
Once fat and nutrients enters the lacteal –> fat/nutrients will go through the lymphatic system –> fat/nuteints will enter the blood stream –> go to cells that need nutrients
Image - shows lacteal
Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia
Overall - dysfuction in lacteal
aka Waldmann disease
Congetical disorder with no known cause
Diagnosed before 3 YO
Charetized by Pitting Edema
- Have enlarged lacteals leading to disrputed absorption of nuetrients
- Dilated lacteals = Lymph fluid leaks back into the small intestine
Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia Symptoms
- Nutrien definceycies because can’t absorb fats and vitaments
- Protein loss (albumin loss) –> decreases onctotic pressure leading to lage of lymhati vessels = lose albumin
- Edema (primary in limbs) because less portein blocking = decrease oncotic pressure
- Abdominal discomfert - swelling of the peracardium and fluid in the chest
Secondary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia
Due to an underlying condiion that block or damage lymphatic vessels in the intestines
- Get dilation of the villi
Caused by:
1. Tumors
2. Inflamatory disease (ex. chrons)
3. Traima or lymphatic infections (Ex. Whipple’s disease + TB)
Lymphangiectesia Treatment
- Long term low fat diet
- Diuretics (help with edema)
- Albumin infusion (increases onctotic pressire and reduces edema)
- Removal of diseased protion of intestine if localized
- adress the promary cause of lyphatic pbstruction IF have Secondary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia
Colon
Function - absorb water + electrolytes + vitaments
- Also produces mucus lubricating the intestinal surface
Divided into 4 layers: Mucosa –> submucosa –> muscularis Priria –> serosa
Hirschsprung disease
Overall - motor disorder of the colon
Have missing nevre cells in colon = problems with passing stool
Mainly affects newborns
- No bowl movment in 48 hours + green/brown vomit + swolen Abdomen
Diagnosis - use a rectal biopsy
Untreated = can lead to constipation + bowl obstrcution
Hirschsprung Pathophysiology
Colon Aganglionosis - no entertic ganglion cells in the submucosal/ no myenteric nerve plesxus of colon
Motor disorder of colon = caused by falure of nueral crest cells to migrate during intestinal developmet
- Agalionic segemnt of teh colon fails to relax = causes functional obstruction
- Intestinal contents build up ebhind the obstruction
Hirschsprung Histology
Angaglionic segment - absence of submucosal and myteic ganglion cells + have submucosal and mysenteric nerve enlargment to over compensate (black arrows)
Normal colon
See ganglion cells (black arrows) +submucosal nerves that are narrow (white arrows)
Hirschsprung Histology IHC
Use actylcholineestrase IHC
- Can diagnosis with IHC
Normal = Actylchontersatse highlighst sparse thin nerves vs. Hirschsprung it hiughlights abdendet course nerves (shows never enlargment)
Image - Hirschsprung Histology
- Nomrla = less brown
Colon Adenocarcinoma
Overall - cancer of the epithelial cells from colonic mucosa
Risk factors:
1. Age
2. Family history
3. Genetc predispotion
4. Illness (Ex. IBD)
5. Envirnment/lifestyle (Ex. Alchol + smoking)
Colon Adenocarcinoma Symptoms
Symptomes:
1. Rectal bleed
2. Abdominal Pain
3. Anemia
Colon Adenocarcinoma Diagnosis
- Colonscopy –> AFTER do multiple biospies of the suspected lesion
- Barium enema - barium passed into bowels + X-Ray
- CT colonoscopy
Colon Adenocarcinoma Pathophysiology
Accumilation of multiple geneic mutations over time
Three major pathways:
1. Chromosomal Insatbility (CIN)
- APC (tumor supressore) mutations
- Intiated by mutations in tumor supressor gene
2. Mircosailite insability
- Muations in Mismatch repair mutations
3. CpH Island methylaion (CIMP)
- BRAF muations (mutation in oncogene)
- Leads to serrated Polyps
Colon Adenocarcinoma types
Mustaions are largley aqured sporatically (70% of pateints)
3-5% have well defined inherited mutations
- Ex. Lynch syndrome –> gemrinline mutations in MMR genes
- Family adenomatous polyposis (FAP) –> germiline mutaion in APC
25% have family history but no well defined mutation
Colon Adenocarcinoma Histology
Healthy colon mucosa = have gladsn in regular pattern
Adenocarcimao - fewer glands + irregular patterns
Image - poorly differentared tumor (no glandular space)
Colon Adenocarcinoma treatment
- Sugery (used fro localized/earl stage)
- Chemotherapy if advanced (Ex. 5-Floururicil)
- Immunotherapy (ant PD1, anti-VEGF etx)
Grades of Colon Adenocarcinoma
Colon Adenocarcinoma is typically graded by level of glandular formation
Well diferentation (95% of tumor gland fomring) vs modertaly differentites (>50%) vs. Poor differentated (<50%)
Image - Well differentated tumor - has lots of glandular looking space but different shapes + some empty and some have cells
Liver structure
Have the right and left lobe - seperated by a ligament
Lobes are divived by the haptic veins –> divsions ate furtehr dvided into 8 segments that house the hepatic lobules
- All 8 segments have same functiion but different blood supply
Blood supply of the liver
Liver has dual blood supply
75% of the blood comes from the protal vein (deoxgynated blood) –> liver filters the blood
Liver Function
Liver = considered a gland that secreted proteins and hromones
- Detoxification - removes toxins + bacteria + old RBCs (immunologic suveilnce)
- Bile production - Bile is used for the breakdown of fats in SI
- Storage of vitame s + mineral + glucose
- Blood coagulates
- Makes albumin - controsl oncotic pressure