Histology #6 (Digestive) Flashcards

1
Q

Esophogus

A

Overall - Tube that moves food from the the pharynx and the stomach by peristalisis

Bolus food reaches the pharux –> upper esopheogeal spicter relaxes –> bolus enters the esophgus –> food goes to the distal region of the esophgus –> sphicter relaxes and allows food to go to the stomach

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2
Q

Layers of the esophogus

A

Mucosa (innermost layer) –> Submucosa –> Muscolaris Propria –> Adventitia

Different parts of teh GI tract have different structres and functions but the main layers reman the same

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3
Q

Esophogeal Mucosa

A

Three Layers:
1. Epithelium
2. Laminca Propiria (conective stiius eto support epithelum)
3. Muscularis Mucosa (smooth mucscle)

Made up of Stratified squamus non-keritonosized cells

Lower Esophogeal Spincter (not an anotomical sphicter it is a functional sphicter)
- When damaged = get stomach acid to esophogus

Image

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4
Q

Esophogeal Submucosa

A

Contains fibroblasts + elastin fibers + sparse galnglia (Meissner PLexus) + lymphatic chanels + blood vessels + submucosal glands
- Elastic fibers = alows te esophgus to expand when food passes through

Submucosal glands comprised of mucinous cells surrounding a central lumen that prdouce acid mucin
- Submucosal = scretes mucous to lurbricate the surface of the esophogus

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5
Q

Esphogeal Muscularis propria

A

Composed of straited skelatal muscle + smooth mucles
- Skeltal mucles = in the proximal (upper) esophogus –> allows volentray control
- Smooth mucles = in the distal esophogus
- In middle of esphogus = have combination of skelatal and smooth mucle

Inner layer orients circumferentially ; outter later orients longitudley –> orientation allows segmental contracts and preistalsis

Between the inner and outter layer there are Myenteric plexuses (nerves and ganglia) - allows for rythmic contract for parastalsis

Image - Red arrows shows the inner layer is circular and the outter layer is longitidinal

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6
Q

Defintion of skelatal vs. Smooth mucle

A

Define skelatal and smooth muscle by the straitions of the muscle

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7
Q

Esophogeal Adventitia

A

Outter most layer

Composed of Loose iregular tissue

Function - Connect esophogus toe xternal sturctures (connect to retroperitineal organs)

Bottom of the esophogus - Last 1-2 cm of the esophogus = Serosa
- Covered by serosa within teh abdominal cavity
- Serosa = Simple squamours epithelium or mesothelium

Other structure:
1. Lymphatic vessles
2. Adipocytes
3. Aretry

Image

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8
Q

Pits and Glands of the stomach (overall)

A

The cardiace, fundic, and pyloric regions of the stomach contain different arrangments of gastric pits/glands
- Different regions have different pits/gands

Perfertaions of the lining of the stomach = leads to gastric pits –> go to glands at the bottom
- Glands scerete mucous + digestive enzymes
- Columnar epithelial cells

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9
Q

Cardiac region of the stomach

A

Cardia is a narrw curcular region at the gastrointestinal junction
- Secretes aliline mucous = protects the esophogeal mucosa and prevenst stomach acid from going up

Histology - Thin layer of mucosa and reduced bumber of gastric pits/Glands
- Pits at the tome ; glands a the bottom
- Pits and glands are the same size

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10
Q

Fundic region of the stomach

A

Projects into a dome like stricture above the sophogus fomring the largest and central region of the stomach

Has glands that secrete digetsive ezumes and proteins that aid in digestion

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11
Q

Fundic region of the stomach histology

A

Pista re thick and short ; glands are larger

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12
Q

Pyloric region of the stomach

A

Funnel shape opening up into the pyloric sphicter

Contains long pits and mucous secreting glands
- Glands make pepsin to aid in digestion

Histology - Deeper pits (longer) and shorter glads
- Glands produce gastrin hormone

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13
Q

Fundic stomach Cells

A
  1. Findic surface mucousal cells
  2. Fundic neck mucous cells
  3. Parietalc ells
  4. Cheif cells
  5. Eneroendrocrone cells G cells)
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14
Q

Fundic tomach cells (Mucoousal cells)

A

Overall - mucosal cells provde a protective barrier

Funcic surface mucosal cells + Fundic neck mucous cells BOTh fucntion in protectsion

Surface cells = secrete Alkiline mucous

Neck cells (bottom cells) = Secret Acidic mucous

Image - Histoligy - reselble gblet cels (have pocket space + less nulceus to create more mucous to create a protective barrier)

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15
Q

Fundic tomach cells (Pareital cells)

A

Function - Facilitate digestion through sceretions
- Use protom pump to make HCl
- Secret Gastric Acid (HCl) –> rasies the acity of the stomach –> Actvates gastric enzymes and kills bacteria (creates unsuitable envirnment for pathigen replication ; acts as extension of immune)
- Functions in digestion + Absorption
- ALSO secretes intrinsic factr which is required for B12 absorption

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16
Q

Fundic tomach cells (Pareital cells) - Histology

A

Image - shows where the pareital cells are located

Parteal cells = posses a “fred egg” appearnce – round cnetral nuceleus/medium sized cytoplasm + eosenphilic cytoplasm

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17
Q

Fundic tomach cells (Cheif cells)

A

Function - Work together with parietal cells to induce digestive actuvity
- Make enzymes that need an acidic envirnment to function

Secrets:
1. Pepsinogen –> Actiavted by gastric acid to become pepsin
- Pepsin = proteolytic enzyme that cleaves proteins –> get peptodes that can be absorbed
2. Lipase –> Breaks down fats
3. Leptin –> communicates with the brain to control signlas for food intake and energy expenditure
- High leptin = no hunger ; lack leptin = need energy

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18
Q

Fundic tomach cells - Cheif cell vs. pareitalc ell histology

A

Pareital cells = more eosenphilic Vs. cheif cells will have blue/pruple cytoplasm

Cheof cells = have eccentric nuceli vs. parietal cells tend to have central nucelus

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19
Q

Enteroedocrne cells

A

Example - G Cells

G Cell Function - provide important role in controling digestion (stimulatiion and regulation of digestion)
- Works iwth the nervous system to make gastrin and intiate digestive actions

Seretes gastrin –> secretion induces HCl production in pareital cells

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20
Q

G cell Histology

A

Located near the base of glands in the stomach
- If have G-Cel hyperplasia = have more cells in the base

Hard to see with H and E ; commonly idetified with IHC (use anti-gastrin)

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21
Q

Inner lining of the esophogus

A

Inner lining of the esophogus is mainly composed of squamous cels

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22
Q

Barret’s esophogus

A

Damage of the inner lining of teh esophogus

No Symotomes

Associated with GERD (acid reflux to the esophogus causing heartburn + indigetion + nocterunal regurgitation)

Sigonised with endoscopy + biopsy
- Barets is supsected by salmon pink color (normal is white) and confirmed but microscopic examination of cells

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23
Q

Barret’s esophogus Pathophysiology

A

Acid goes from the stomach to the lower part of teh esophogus (GERD)

Acid damages the inner lining of the esophogus

Have Intestinal metaplasia - sequmous to columnar goblet cells (intestinal cells)
- Goblet cells are more resistent to stomach acid

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24
Q

Barret’s esophogus Histology

A

Have intestinal type cells in the esophogus

See trasnitiion of starfied squamous to intestinal columnar (goblet cells)

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25
Q

Barret’s esophogus vs. Chroic brinchitus

A

BOTH = indicated by metaplasia but different types

Barretts - intetsinal metaplasia (statified squamous to columnar intestinal epithelium)

Chronic mronchitus - sqamous metaplasia (psudostratfied columnar to squamous)

Image - see the metaplasia

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26
Q

Lacteals

A

Location - ONLY found in the small intestine
- Located centrally in teh villi within the lamina propria
- Function of SI = absorb Nutrietnst (does so because of the villi)
- lacteals = Lymphatic vessels in the Villi

Function - absorb dietary fats and fat soluble vitamens + affect gut immune repsone by facolitatiing the transport of antigen and antigen presenting cells

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27
Q

Lacteals + fat absorption

A

Once fat and nutrients enters the lacteal –> fat/nutrients will go through the lymphatic system –> fat/nuteints will enter the blood stream –> go to cells that need nutrients

Image - shows lacteal

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28
Q

Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia

A

Overall - dysfuction in lacteal

aka Waldmann disease

Congetical disorder with no known cause

Diagnosed before 3 YO

Charetized by Pitting Edema
- Have enlarged lacteals leading to disrputed absorption of nuetrients
- Dilated lacteals = Lymph fluid leaks back into the small intestine

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29
Q

Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia Symptoms

A
  1. Nutrien definceycies because can’t absorb fats and vitaments
  2. Protein loss (albumin loss) –> decreases onctotic pressure leading to lage of lymhati vessels = lose albumin
  3. Edema (primary in limbs) because less portein blocking = decrease oncotic pressure
  4. Abdominal discomfert - swelling of the peracardium and fluid in the chest
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30
Q

Secondary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia

A

Due to an underlying condiion that block or damage lymphatic vessels in the intestines
- Get dilation of the villi

Caused by:
1. Tumors
2. Inflamatory disease (ex. chrons)
3. Traima or lymphatic infections (Ex. Whipple’s disease + TB)

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31
Q

Lymphangiectesia Treatment

A
  1. Long term low fat diet
  2. Diuretics (help with edema)
  3. Albumin infusion (increases onctotic pressire and reduces edema)
  4. Removal of diseased protion of intestine if localized
  5. adress the promary cause of lyphatic pbstruction IF have Secondary Intestinal Lymphangiectesia
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32
Q

Colon

A

Function - absorb water + electrolytes + vitaments
- Also produces mucus lubricating the intestinal surface

Divided into 4 layers: Mucosa –> submucosa –> muscularis Priria –> serosa

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33
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

Overall - motor disorder of the colon

Have missing nevre cells in colon = problems with passing stool

Mainly affects newborns
- No bowl movment in 48 hours + green/brown vomit + swolen Abdomen

Diagnosis - use a rectal biopsy

Untreated = can lead to constipation + bowl obstrcution

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34
Q

Hirschsprung Pathophysiology

A

Colon Aganglionosis - no entertic ganglion cells in the submucosal/ no myenteric nerve plesxus of colon

Motor disorder of colon = caused by falure of nueral crest cells to migrate during intestinal developmet
- Agalionic segemnt of teh colon fails to relax = causes functional obstruction
- Intestinal contents build up ebhind the obstruction

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35
Q

Hirschsprung Histology

A

Angaglionic segment - absence of submucosal and myteic ganglion cells + have submucosal and mysenteric nerve enlargment to over compensate (black arrows)

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36
Q

Normal colon

A

See ganglion cells (black arrows) +submucosal nerves that are narrow (white arrows)

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37
Q

Hirschsprung Histology IHC

A

Use actylcholineestrase IHC
- Can diagnosis with IHC

Normal = Actylchontersatse highlighst sparse thin nerves vs. Hirschsprung it hiughlights abdendet course nerves (shows never enlargment)

Image - Hirschsprung Histology
- Nomrla = less brown

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38
Q

Colon Adenocarcinoma

A

Overall - cancer of the epithelial cells from colonic mucosa

Risk factors:
1. Age
2. Family history
3. Genetc predispotion
4. Illness (Ex. IBD)
5. Envirnment/lifestyle (Ex. Alchol + smoking)

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39
Q

Colon Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

A

Symptomes:
1. Rectal bleed
2. Abdominal Pain
3. Anemia

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40
Q

Colon Adenocarcinoma Diagnosis

A
  1. Colonscopy –> AFTER do multiple biospies of the suspected lesion
  2. Barium enema - barium passed into bowels + X-Ray
  3. CT colonoscopy
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41
Q

Colon Adenocarcinoma Pathophysiology

A

Accumilation of multiple geneic mutations over time

Three major pathways:
1. Chromosomal Insatbility (CIN)
- APC (tumor supressore) mutations
- Intiated by mutations in tumor supressor gene
2. Mircosailite insability
- Muations in Mismatch repair mutations
3. CpH Island methylaion (CIMP)
- BRAF muations (mutation in oncogene)
- Leads to serrated Polyps

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42
Q

Colon Adenocarcinoma types

A

Mustaions are largley aqured sporatically (70% of pateints)

3-5% have well defined inherited mutations
- Ex. Lynch syndrome –> gemrinline mutations in MMR genes
- Family adenomatous polyposis (FAP) –> germiline mutaion in APC

25% have family history but no well defined mutation

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43
Q

Colon Adenocarcinoma Histology

A

Healthy colon mucosa = have gladsn in regular pattern

Adenocarcimao - fewer glands + irregular patterns

Image - poorly differentared tumor (no glandular space)

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44
Q

Colon Adenocarcinoma treatment

A
  1. Sugery (used fro localized/earl stage)
  2. Chemotherapy if advanced (Ex. 5-Floururicil)
  3. Immunotherapy (ant PD1, anti-VEGF etx)
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45
Q

Grades of Colon Adenocarcinoma

A

Colon Adenocarcinoma is typically graded by level of glandular formation

Well diferentation (95% of tumor gland fomring) vs modertaly differentites (>50%) vs. Poor differentated (<50%)

Image - Well differentated tumor - has lots of glandular looking space but different shapes + some empty and some have cells

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46
Q

Liver structure

A

Have the right and left lobe - seperated by a ligament

Lobes are divived by the haptic veins –> divsions ate furtehr dvided into 8 segments that house the hepatic lobules
- All 8 segments have same functiion but different blood supply

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47
Q

Blood supply of the liver

A

Liver has dual blood supply

75% of the blood comes from the protal vein (deoxgynated blood) –> liver filters the blood

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48
Q

Liver Function

A

Liver = considered a gland that secreted proteins and hromones

  1. Detoxification - removes toxins + bacteria + old RBCs (immunologic suveilnce)
  2. Bile production - Bile is used for the breakdown of fats in SI
  3. Storage of vitame s + mineral + glucose
  4. Blood coagulates
  5. Makes albumin - controsl oncotic pressure
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49
Q

Key structires of the liver

A
  1. Portal triad
  2. Central Vein
  3. Bile Duct
  4. Space of Disse
50
Q

Liver Lobule

A

Overall - Basic fucnational unit of liver structure

Functiion - maintains metabolsim + detoxification

Hexoganal shape with central vein at the center

Composed of Hepatocytes arranged in plates
- Hepatocytes have a radial pattern
- Radial pattern = Ensures proper blood flow and niterinet absorption

Portal traid located at the corner of the hexoginal lobule

51
Q

Poetal Triad

A

Composed of:
1. Hepatic artery - supplies oxygen-rich blood from the heart
2. Portal vein - carries nuterint rich blood from the digestive organs
3. Bile duct - transports bile produced by hepatpcytes

Blood and bile flow in opposite directions - Blood flow towards the cebtral vein ; bile flows towards the bile duct
- Direction of flow = important for liver function –> ensures porper porcessing of nutreints and waste

52
Q

Liver Histology

A

See cetral vein

53
Q

Portal Triad Histology

A

See Potal vein + Hepatic artery + Bile duct

Portal vein and hepatic arteru = made up of endothlial cells BUT can distiguish between them because the veins are larger in diamter/thinner and the arteries are thicker
- Bile duct = cuoidal epithelial cells

54
Q

Central vein

A

Location - At the cnter of each hepatic lobule and lined with a single layer of endothelial cells
- Central vein = surroinded by the protal traid

Function - central vein receives oxygen and nucetrint rich blood at the sinusoids from the portal vein and hepatic artery

Central vein coeleces into the hepatic vein –> hepatic vein carries deoxygeated blood back to the IVC

Image - See central vein at the bottom and protal traid at the top

55
Q

Central Vein Histology

A

Left - see sinuisoidal a the bottom - blood goes through them to the Central vein

Right - see pattern of hepatpcytes

56
Q

Bile Duct

A

Lined with Cholangiocytes - simple cuboidal epithelum cells

Emerge from canacals of hering –> get larger in diamater –> branch to the irght and left hepatic duct –> go to the common hepatic duct –> goes to others in GI

Function - stores and passes bile

Small bile ductules join together to form left and irght hepatic ducts

Passes through the liver and collects bile as liver produces it

Chalangiocytes have many functions in bile modoification
- Chalangiocytes = chnage the bile composition through secretion and reabsorption of water and electrocytes + immine cells. barrier for bile

57
Q

Bile Duct Histology

A

See cholgiocytes lining the bile duct

58
Q

Space of Disse

A

Overall - Space between the sinusoidal endotheluum and hepatcytes

Function - Trasnport of lymphatic fluid to lymphatic capilaiers in the protal traid
- Important for the uptake of macromolecules + bile salts + nuetrients + ions

Blood goes from the portal triad to the central vein –> sinuisoids have fenestartes (open space that allow macromolcules to go to the space of disse)

Space of Disse = face the basolaternal surface of hepatcytes = allows hepatpcytes to uptake macromolecules

59
Q

Space of Disse Histology

A

Seen in EM

See endothelial cells + hepatocytes ; space between is the space of Disse

In space = have Dentrotic cells + reticular fibers + liver stem cells + Stelate cells

60
Q

Specilized cells of the liver

A
  1. Hepatocytes
  2. Kupffer Cells
  3. Stellate Cells
61
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Main functional cells of he liver

Shape - Polygonal shapes + arranged in interconecting plates
- Bile canaliculi between adjacent cells = allows bile to flow
- Have microvili

Involoved in Main function of the liver:
1. Endocrine and exocrine secretion
2. Synthesis of proteins and lipids
3. Metabolism
4. Detoxification
5. Activation of immune cells

62
Q

Hepatocytes Histology

A

Left - See arangment of hepatcytes with iterlated plate sbranching from cnetral vein

Right - see have many mitocorndria + many ER + rpund central nucelus

63
Q

Kupffer Cells

A

Overall - Macrophages located in the walls of hepatic sinuisoids

Shape - irregular and varibale shape + oval/indented

Cell surface conatins microvilli + slender projections that extend in all directons

Function - removes pathogens, compounds, and debris through phagocytosis

64
Q

Kupffer cells Histology

A

Traid blie = taken up by the phagcytic Kupffer cells = can be used to idetfy them

Rigt - see iregular shape + proejctsiing coming from kupfer cells to the sinusoid space

65
Q

Stellate Cells

A

Overall - Mesenchymal cells located in the space of Disse

Shape - Star hsaped contaning multiple lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm + irregular nuclei

Functions:
1. Vitamen A storage
2. Liver development and regernations
3. Response to hepatic injury
- If have toxins/pathigens = stellate cells make ECM and collegen (could lead to fibrosis)

66
Q

Stellate Cells Histology

A

Left - Identofy Stelate cells based on lipid vaculaues circule structure)

Right - see vacule is lighter yellow + irregu;ar nuceli

67
Q

Pigments in hepatocytes

A

yellow color = lipfusion on Hepatocytes H ane E = older hepatpcytes ; can have also bile pigment o heptocytes

68
Q

Two main Pancreotic functions

A
  1. Endocrine = hormones going to the blood stream
  2. Exocrine = digestive enzymes going to the small intestine
69
Q

Endocrine Function

A

Endocrone function = localizes at the islates of langerhands

Islets are composed of:
Alpaha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta Cells - Secrete Insulin
Delta Cells - Secrete somatostatin
F Cells - Secrete Pancreyotc polypeptides

70
Q

Alpha cells

A

Function - Prodice Glucogan in reponse to low blood glucose
- fasting response + respond after excersize

Make up 20% of islet cels

H/E - stain pink due to glucogan granuales

71
Q

Glucogan Function

A

Overall - increases glucose in the body

  1. Glycogenolysis - stimulates the liver to cnvert glycogen to gucose
  2. Gluconogensis - Stimulates the liver to increase amino acid uptake from the blood to make glucose
  3. Lipolysis (form of gluconeogensis) - stimulates the liver and adipose tissue to convert stores trglycerides to free fattery acids and glyceral to then make glycerol and then make glucose in the liver
72
Q

Beta cells

A

Produce inculin - When have food in inetstine –> hae release of gastrointestinal hormones –> leads to insulin production by beta cels
- Secretion is stimulated by increase blood glucose

75% of islet cels (most numerous cell in islets)

H/E = stain blue because of insulin granial

Lose of function –> get tyoe 1 diabetes

73
Q

Insulin Function

A

Overall - decreases blood glucose
- Inhibit the release wgen blood glucose decreases

  1. Stimulates glycosis (get breakdown of Glucose to get ATP)
  2. Stimulate glycogensis (Covert glucose to glycogen)
  3. Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogensos
  4. Promotes triglyceride and protein syntehsis
    • creates a negative feedback loop to mkae sure blood surgar doesn’t drop too low
74
Q

Insulin Function Mechansim

A

Facilitates glucose uptake
- Occurs in skelatal mucles + Adipose tissue

Mechaism is largkey unknown
- Insulin activates tyrosin kinase –> kinase move glucose trasnprter GLUT4 from storage vesicles in the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane to take in glucose from the envirnment

75
Q

H and P stain of beta cells

A

Alpha cells = in the periphery (pink cels) ; beta cells are on the inside of the sphere under the pink layer

76
Q

Delta Cells

A

Overall - Produce Somatostatin
- Release is stimulated by increase in glucose + ghrelin in the stomach

Cooridnates insulin + glucose secretion to maintain homeostasis

4% of islet cells

77
Q

Somatostatin Function

A

Overall - Inhibits release of glucogan + insulin

Somatstin = activate somatostatsin receptors on alpha and beta cells coupled to inhibitory GPCR –> supresses electrical stimularion –> inhibits exicytosis of granualswith glucose or insulin

78
Q

Pancreatic Polypetde Cell

A

Aka Gamma cells/F cells

Produce Pancreotic Polypeptide
- Produces after eating+ in response to fasting
- Sceretion stimulated by intestinal hormones cholecystoknin + secrtin + gastron

1% of islaet cells

Use Immunoflourence to see

79
Q
A
80
Q

Pancreatic Polypetde Cell Function

A

Regulates appetitie to reduce hunger levels
- Singals to the brain through the vegas nerve to decrease hunger levels after eating and slow digestion

Slows digestion
- Decreases the rate of gastric emptying
- Decreases pancreati exocrine secretion
- Decreases Gallblader contracton

81
Q

Histology of alpha cells, Beta Cells, Delta ells

A

see immunostains for different sections

Alpha cells stain for glucogon

Beta cells = stain for insuline

82
Q

Exocrine products of the pancreus

A

Function - Used for breaking down food into constutent molecules for absorbption
- Pancreatis makes many products that we need to digets things

Produces pancreitic juice that conatins digetsive enzymes + biocarbinate + water
- Products are released into the duadenum of teh SI

Exocrine = uses Acinar Cells

83
Q

Acinar Cells

A

Secrete digestive enzymes
- Take complex biomilciles and breaks them down into end products we can absrobs

Secrete:
1. Amylase - breask down starches into simple surgars
2. Protease - breaks down proteins into amino acids (Ex. Trypsin)
3. Lipases - break donw fats to fatty acids and lycerol
4. Nucelases - Break donw nucleic acids into nucleotides

84
Q

EM of Acinar Cell

A

Have many ER for protein synthesis
- Acinar cells = main cells that make digetsive zymes = protein factpries = have many ER (light blue in image)

Acinar makes the enzymes in inactive form –> Stores inactive enzmes in Zymogen granuaals (purple in image)
- Zymogen has inactive enzyme precursory –> precursor is released via excocytosis when stimulated by CCK to the duadenum

85
Q

Interclated Duct cells

A

Sceret Biocarbinate and Water

Bicarbinated is scerted into the diadenum to nuertilzie HCl in acidic chyme
- When acidic chyme is in the dusenum scertrin homrone is released which stimultae bicrabinate release
- Bicarbinate protects the small intestone from stomach acid + maks H more aklinine to optomize pH for digestive zymes to function
- Controled by secrtin hromone

86
Q

Arrangment of Pancreatic cells + tissues

A

Uses Acinar Cells + epithelial cells + centracinar cells

Glandular tissue = tubular acinar function

Acinar cells = oretneted regu;larley around the lumen in glands ; centroacinar cells are the first cells in interclated ducts

87
Q

Mucles in pancreus

A

There is no muscle in the pancreus to put fluid into teh SI –> center of the acinar and endothlialc els make water to push fluid put

88
Q

Exocrine cell organization - HItsoligy

A

Acinar cells = have apical granals (stains pinked) + pyrimidal shaped

Centracinar Cells = pale + Low cuboidal cells

89
Q

Endocrine organization

A

Shows the islets + blood flow in the islets
- Blood flows form the center of the islet to the periphery (drains to the portal vein)
- Capilaries put hormones throughout the body (focus on capilaries)

Capilaries - see fenetratsed capilaried running rthough the endocrine tissue + running hrough the islets

Acinar cells = darer purpel cells ; stain protein products rain ; pyrimindal shape

Centroacinar cells = more pale + cuboidal + first ductal cell in the system (form interclated ducts)

90
Q

Pancreatic lobules Spatial + Strctural division

A

Pacreus = divided into lobules

Lobules = cluster f acinar and islets in connective tossue capsule (Blue in image)

Lobules often seoprate during processing (see on irght image)

91
Q

Ductual cells and classifcation of ducts

A

Ductal cells = exicrine cells

Veins + arteries + nerves + lymphatics = ofte fowllow connective tissue in pancreus

  1. Epithelial ductual cells - start as cuboidal and trasnition to columnar cells along path to main pancreatic duct
    - Also have more connective tossie as go tpwards main duct
  2. Interclated Ducts - most proximal part
    - start as cuboidal and trasnition to columnar cells along path to main pancreatic duct
  3. Intralobular ducts (D in image) - Join acini within a lobule
  4. Interlobule ducts - Connect lobules
92
Q

Centroacinar Cells

A

Sectrein is produced in the duodenum in presnece of acids –> secrtin binds to secrtin recpetors on memebrane of centroacinar cells –> binding leads to GPCR signaling –> get secretion of biocrabinate and water from centroacinar cells

93
Q

Interclated Ducts

A

Centeroacinar Cells line the interclated ducts

Stimulation of the centroacinar cells stiulates the intercalted ducts

Centeroaconar cels –> intercladed ducts –> Pancreatic ductal system

94
Q

Acinar Cells

A

Cholecytoskinin (CCK) = prduced by the duodenum
- Seretion of acinar cells = stimulated by CCK

CCK has a direct and indirect effect on the secretion of acinar cells
- Direct - CCK binds to CCK receptors on acinar cells (CCK recpetors may or may not be found in humans)
- Indirect - CCK –> affects through vegal afferent fibers –> get actylcholine –> stimulates acinar cells to release digestive enzymes

95
Q

Pancreus Anatomy

A

Have head then neck then body then tail

Have the main duct thabranches and goes through the pancreaus to faclitate movement of pancreotic juices to teh SI

96
Q

Pancreus physiology

A

Exocrine - digetive zbymes relased by acinar cels + ductual cells relased HCO3-
- Acinar cell - Digetsive enzymes
- Ductal cells - HCO3-

Endocrone - isle cells that have alpha + beta+ delta cells
- Hormone cells - Glycagon + insulin + Somatostatin

Image - see exocrine vs. endocrine pancreus

97
Q

Pancreus + glucose metaolism

A

Pancreus regulates glucose metabolism
- Produces digetsive enzymes and hromones important for glucose and lipid metabolism

High blood suar = pancreus releases insulin – release will bring glucose into cells and convert glucose to glycogen in the liver
- Insulin lowers blood sugar levels

98
Q

Diabetes

A

Chronic disrpuiion of insulin sugnlaing + chronic hyperglycemia

Get hyperglycemia - high blood glucose levels

Symptmes - Thirst + fatigure + weight loss + blurred vision

Untreated diabetes leads to - circulatpry disorders + renal failire + blindness + gangrene + stroke + heart attack

Tteatments - diet change + insulin (ex. pills)

99
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Autoimmune disease

Cause = unknonw but has envirnmental and genetic components

Have loss or inactivity of beta cells
- Immune system attacks beta cells that produce insulin –> detsroyes beta cells –> pancreus can’t make insulin –> results in high blood glucose level because glucose is no longer being brought into the cells

100
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Histology

A

Top image = helathy (have islets + beta cells)

Left - dark blue circles are lymphocytes influtrating islates = detroy beta cells

Right - more scere case of diabetes - immune cells took ove (no more beta cells)

101
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Metabolic disorder

Caused by Lifestyle factors + genetic predisposition

Have decrease in insulin secretion OR tissues fail to respond to insulin
- Insuoin binds to receptors but can’t activate GLUT4 –> glucose can’t enter the cell –> glucose builds up outside the cell –> reulst with high blood glucose levels

histology - charcterized by amyloid deposits (uildup of plaues in the pancreus because of misfolded proteins)

102
Q

Acute Pancreatitus Pathogensis

A

Have premature activation of Tyrsinogne to trypsin in acinar cells in the pancreus (activation should occur in teh duadenmum)
- Trypisn activates several pancreatc enzymes –> leads to autog=digestion of the pancreus

End = have self digestion of the pancreus

102
Q

Acute Pancreatitus Pathogensis proteins

A
  1. Serine proteae inhibitore (SPINK1) - normally inhibites the convesion of trypsinogen to trypsin ; kazal type 1
    • Muation or absense of function of SPINK1 = get prmeature activation of tyrpin
      - Mutation alone will not cause ALSO need genetic modifcation or envirnmental trigger to cause
  2. Cytsic fibrosis trasnmemrane conductase regulator - ATP gated ion chanle that meduaes passive dffusion of Cl- and HCO3-
    - Mutation/dysfunction chanel = get abnormal secretion of digestive enzymes = failure to wash away active trypsin to pancreatic duct = get inflamation
    • One mutation in chanel won’t cuase ALSO need other genetic modifcation
103
Q

Acute Pancreatitus

A

Acute inflamation of the pancreus - pancreus is swollen for short period of time

Leading cuase of gastrointestinal related hspilization in the US

Mortality rate is 3%-20%

Causes:
1. Gallstones + Achol Use + hypertiglyceridemia
- glyceride = lipid that prpvides energy -> too much in blood causes acute pancreatitus

104
Q

Acute Pancreatitus Pathogensis Physiological conditions

A

Condition 1 - increase intraductal pressure
- Caused by Gall stones

Condition 2 - High intrcelllular Ca2+ levels –> facilitaties activation of trypsin
- Caused by Alchol use + hypertriglyceridemia = get disrupts calcium homeostasis

105
Q

Acute Pancreatitus Histology

A

Top = Normal
Other 2 images - see intestinal damage in acuate pacreatitise
- Have leukocyte invasion + edema

106
Q

Acute Pancreatitus Histology #2

A

More svere - have cells with nerosis + hemorage

107
Q

PDAC overall

A

Form of pancreatic cancer involved in the organ’s exocrine cells that release digestive enzymes

Risk factors:
1. Chonic pancreatitus
2. Diabetes
3. Inherited DNA mutaions
4. Obesity
5. Smoking

Causes 90% of all pancreus cancer

13% 5 year survival rate (bad prognosis because detected late)

19% of tumors are detected at late stage

> 50% of tumoes have systemic metastses

108
Q

Lesions tyoes of PDAC

A
  1. PanLN
  2. IPMN
  3. MCN
109
Q

PDAC histology

A
110
Q

PDAC progression

A

Two teir grading system for precursors (low and high grade dysplasia)

PANIN and Cyt=stic = transition from columnar cells with basolary orineted nuceli to irregular shape cells with displased nuceli (have cytologic and morphologic chnages)

111
Q

PanIN

A

Pancreatoc intraepithelial neoplasia

Microscopic size (Small)

Found in intralobular ducts

Causes 90% of PDAc cases

Commonly found in the head of the pancreus

112
Q

IPMN

A

Intraductal papilary mucinous neoplasm

Characterized as growths of the ductal epithelium

Columnar cell tye

Macroscopic size

<10% of PDAC

Comonlu found in head and neck fo pancreus

113
Q

MCN

A

Mucinous cystic neoplasm

Does NOT invove panreus dctal system (not in communcation with pancreotic ducts)

Charcterized by ovarian type stroma (maybe due to estrogen receptors on origin cells)

Macroscopic size

<3% of PDAC

Commonly found in pancreus body and tail (distal regions)

114
Q

Histology of different types of neoplasms

A

Goes from normal –> low grade lesions –> high grade –> PDAC

115
Q

PDAC treatment - surgery

A

Whipple - remice head of pnacreus + duadenum + bile duct + gall bladder + part of stomach

Distal pancreatectomy - remove body of pacreaus + tail of pancreus + spleen

Total pancreatcomy - remove pancres + spleen + gallbladder + common bile duct + some of SI + some the stomach
- Patients are given artifical hormones and digetsive enzymes

116
Q

PDAC treatment - readition

A
  1. Extermal Beam Radaitio therapy
  2. Intesity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
  3. Stereotactic Body radiation theapry (SBRT)
117
Q

PDAC treatment - Drugs

A

Can give chemothearapy drugs

Examples:
1. Gemcitabime
2. 5-flourouracil
3. Irontecan
3. Alubimin bound pcitaxel
4. Cisplatin
5. Paclitaxel

118
Q

LOOK AT OWN PRESENTATION

A
119
Q
A
120
Q
A