Anatomy Lecture #1 Flashcards
Anatomy Lesson of Dr. - Showcases public curiosity of Anatomy (Had public dissections once per year)
Painted in the Hague
Anatomy
Field of inquiry that endeavors to tell medicine where the body needs medical attention
Ex. Doctor doing exam to find injured area
***Asking the WHERE
Cellular and Molecular Medicine
Medical and Scientific specialty that endeavors to explain the why and the how
Asking what is happening molecularly and cellularly
What explains the why (Why something is wrong)
Anatomy can explain the why (Ex. ACL tear = because anatomy
Cellular and Molecular Medicine can explain the why
Anatomy Name origin
Greek Origin - “I cut up, cut open”
Issue = Anatomy is more than dissection
Dissection Name Origin
Latin - To cut to Pieces
Anatomy = overarching description
Gross Anatomy
Indicates things that can see with the naked eye (Gross = can see with the naked eye)
Issue = some people don’t like the term Gross Anatomy because the word gross has negative implications
History of Anatomy
Start - Dissection of the human body was common in Alexandria (had a culture of investigators)
After Catholosism - Dissection was forbidden (Some people would sneak bodies to be able to see (Ex. Michalagelo))
Galin - Philosopher + scientist - learned anatomy based on dissection of animals BUT doctors had to use this information because they couldn’t dissect humans
- Sometimes they would be able to get bodies form battle field
1400s - Had limited Access to human bodies –> BUT they had public dissections
- The public was interested - became a spectacle
- People had a fascination with the natural world = had public dissections
Shows the public dissections that was held once a year
- Can see it was a public spectacle
- Had flags that remind people of the frailty of life
- Displays were about education (based on fact that they had skeletons)
UMD medical Campus + STORY
Oldest continually used medical building in the US
STORY - When it was hard to get bodies to dissect people were scared that their family member’s bodies would get stolen - there was a story that a caretaker Frank who worked at the medical building was the ring leader to get the bodies
When was it easy/hard to get bodies?
In early 1900s it was easy to get bodies because people died young + people didn’t have money for funerals but it became harder as laws got stricter and people start dying later
NOW - have a formal donation process because we know it is for education (Maryland state anatomy board supplies >10,000 bodies for 140 programs in many states)
Organ
Anatomical entity make up of two types of tissue:
- Package the organ is in - That which frames the organ and from where sensation are perceived by the brain upon external stimulation
- Contents (prenchyma) - Those which execute the motor contractions or secretions of materials in response to stimuli - the organ’s muscular or glandular effector tissues
- Tissue that secretes things/completes motor functions + responds to stimuli
Body System
A collection of morphologically continuous integrated body organs that work together to accomplish one specific body function to help achieve and maintain homeostasis
- SOME cover multiple functions (Ex. Digestive system can complete metabolism + uptake + digest food; Respiratory system can digest food + breath; Liver = Digestion + hormone regulation + blood filtration)
Goal of all body systems
Trying to maintain homeostasis
Why do you need the right description in anatomy
Because many people depend on anatomy and everyone needs to be able to communicate clearly
Ex. A student observing a surgery might say a tumor is on the left but from the surgeon’s perspective it is on the top and from the pathologist’s perspective its different
Anatomical Position
- Hands rotated laterally - Palms face forward (Supernated)
- Head faces forward
- Feet shoulder width apart
- Standing erect
Types of Planes
- Median/Midsagital
- Sagital/Parasagital
- Coronal/Frontal
- Traverse/Horizontal/Axial
- Oblique
Median/Midsagital Plane
Cut down the middle of the body (top to bottom)
Images - Midsagital of Head and neck; Midsagital of female pelvis
Sagital/Parasagital
Cut from top to bottom BUT not in the middle of the body (cut off the midline)
Ex. Cut top to bottom through the shoulder)
Image - Longitudinal section of the knee
Coronal/Frontal
Cut Left to right BUT can be anywhere on the body (Any plane - more dorsal or more Ventral)
Image - Can see ACL + highland cartilage
Traverse/Horizontal/Axial
Horizontal cut anywhere along the body
Human Body Project
Government wanted to make an anatomy resource that would be an accurate anatomy sectional repository –> They got a male and a female –> sectioned the bodies and photographed everything
- Images were open to everyone
- Based on project they made 3D anatomical atlases
- After project CT and MRI scans improved so the project was less helpful because MRI and CT scans can be digitized
Persepctive of Images in Horizontal View
When have image in horizontal view you are always looking feet up so the image is mirrored (The images left is actually the right side of the body)
CT vs. MRI
CT = Based on bone refraction
MRI = Based on water
Moving towards MRIs
MRI can be digitized AND you can see any location by changing the section of the picture in scan not just one single cut
***During Human Body project they had MRI data but now that data is more accesible (can get on phones) making the Human Body project more obsolete
Oblique
Similar to a horizontal cut but changes the orientation of the plane (cuts at an angle)
- Used for specialized diagnostics (Ex. use in orthopedics to look at ACL - can see ACL better in Oblique; Can see origin and insertion of ACL)
***Images used have a key that shows the plane
Supine Vs. Prone
Dorsal Vs. Ventral
Ventral (Anterior) = towards front of body
Dorsal (Posterior) = Towards the back of the body (Like dorsal in)
Anterior + Posterior = with respect to coronal
***AP = Anterior to posterior
Cranial Vs. Caudal
Cranial (Superior) = closer to head
Caudal (Inferior) = farther from head/closer to feet (tail end)
Cranial/Caudal = mostly used for trunk of body
Medial Vs. Lateral
Medial = closer to the midline
Lateral = farther from the midline
***Both = based on midsagital plane
Proximal Vs. Distal
Proximal = more towards the trunk of body
Distal = farther from trunk of the body
***Used from bones (Ex. Humorous is proximal to elbow joint)
***Not ass applicative for nerves and vessels (Ex. Vessles go based on blood flow – Aorta = proximal; Artery is distal to aorta; vena cava is distal to tibial artery despite locations because of blood flow)
***For vessels - proximal is where the blood is first
Deep Vs. superficial
Deep = deeper to surface
Superficial Closer to surface)
***Used with respect to depth (based on surface of body)
Extensor Vs. Flexor
Difference functions of muscles?
Extensor = Triceps extend
Flexor = surface of body (Ex. Biceps flex joint)
Types of rotations
- Medial and lateral Rotation
- Eversion and Inversion
- Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Medial and lateral Rotation
Medial = Rotate inside
Lateral = Rotate outside
Eversion and Inversion
Like rolling an ankle
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion = towards dorsal = flexing toes
Plantar Flexion = Pointing toes
How many bones are in the human body
206
Infants = have 270 bones (have more because the skull is not fused + the plates on the long bones are not fused)
Do all adults have the same amount of bones?
NO - there is variation in adults
Example - some people can have 2 sets of ribs (Example - they thought Rini’s daughter had 2 sets of ribs)
Purpose of skeloton
- Provides structure
- Provides support
- protects organs (some are more protected than others)
- Muscles attach to it
- Allows body to move
- Supports posture
- Produces RBCs + Platlets + WBCs
- Produces Lipids (in yellow marrow)
- Mineral storage
Things that can go wrong with bones
- Fractures
- Osteoporosis - Loss of bone density and strength
- Osteromelitus - Bone inflammation/infection
- Achromagly - Bone overgrowth due to pituitary hormone (Ex. Andre the giant)
- Rickets - failure of bones to grow properly because of lack of vitamin D
- Multiple myeloma - Bone cancer (Cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow)
- Cancer is usually secondary meaning it spread from another area
Rickets story
There was a shipwreck and they bodies were well presrved –> they were able to look at their bones and found they all had rickets
Vitamen D deficieney
Leads to rickets
In canada + places in northern hemisphere = people don’t get enough vitamin D – 80% of population is vitamin D deficient
- In dairy in the US they add Vitamin D
Get vitamin D through sun + food (Food can include cod oil)
Split of skelatal structure
Axial and Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
Includes cranium (Head) + spine + Ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Includes pelvic bone + limbs
Is there space in the body?
NO - the body is packed tight = no free space
Ex. Bowl + Intestines + liver = packed tight
**If there is space it can be a sign of disease pathology
**There is some space in alimentary canal in Digestive track (space for food to go in and out)
Types of Bones
- Flat bones
- Long bones
- Irregular Bones
Flat bones
Type of bone
Example - Skull, Hip bones, Shoulder blades
Long Bones
Type of bones - Includes:
1. Tibia
2. Fibula
3. Femur
4. Humerous
5. Radius
6. Ulna
7. Philanges (Fingers)
Irregular Bones
Type of Bones - includes:
- Vertebrae (weird shape)
- Hand bones (~ 20 bones in the hand)
- Feet bones (Ex. Heel)
- Patella
Name for patella
Sesame Bone – because it is free floating (not connected to other bone - encased in tendon and ligament)
Bones to Know
What is the most commonly broken bone in the body
Clavicle (because it anchors to the axial)
What is the strongest and longest bone in the body
Femur
What is surrounding the tibia
Mostly skin = nothing protecting it
Fibula
Smaller of the lower leg bones
How much weight can skull handle
Skull can take a ton of weight for 3 seconds (Very strong)
Bones of skull to know
Using cadavers for crash testing story
1940s - reserchers pioneered using crash test dummies (before this they used cadavers)
- cadavers is how we know the skull can take a ton of weight
Characteristics of long bones
Long bones are very strong considering how light they are
- Trucculai makes mesh work in bones?
Bones in skull
Frontal bone - across forehead (single bone)
Sphenoid - is an irrregular bone
Nasal bone
Maxila - Top part of the Jaw (non-movable part of the jaw)
Nasal Spine - Pointy part of Maxila (Predicts the shape of lower part of the nose)
Mandible - Movable part of the Jaw
Zygomaticus - Makes up cheeck bone
Occipital
Mastoid Process - Behind the ear (Sternal clusal mastoid mescle goes to sternum)
Temperal bone - contains and right and a left bone (Just above ear)
Parietal - contains a left and right bone with a suture in between (Suture between is the mid sagitical suture)
Sutures in skull
Sutures = integrates joints (between bones - joins them) but don’t move)
Includes:
Sagital suture - Between parietal bones
Coronal Suture
Tuberosity
Often were muscle attches to
***Ischial Tuberosity = why bottom hurts after sitting
Tubercle
Where muscle connects to bone
***Often people who work in manual labor have bigger and have more ridges in the tubercle - because it is where the muscle connects to bone meaning the muscle growing affects the bone
Tuberosity Vs. Tubercle
Similar but different sizes
Crest
Example - Iliac crest (what you feel when feel hips)
Notch
Often nerves go through the notch
Example - greater sciatic notch (where plexus passes)
Spine
Area of tendon attachment
Example - Ischial Spine
Tuberosity, Tubercle, Crest, Notch, Spine
Process
Pieces of bone that poke backwards
Example - Spinous processes (things you feel when feel spine)
Facet
Flattened portion of bones (Flat area connected to flat area = facet)
Example - Traverse costal facet or in fingers or in foot
Process and Facet on diagram
Foramen
Opening to allow something to go outside the skull
Example - Foremen magnum or a foreman that allows the optic nerve to go to eyes
Fossa
Cavity
Example - Anterior cranial fossa/ Middle cranial fossa/ posterior cranial fossa
Fissure
Similar to a fossa but it is where 2 bones meat and where things come and go
Example - Superior orbital fissure
Meatus
Opening (like foreman but things stay within the skull)
Example - Nerves go to ear but are not exiting the body
Example #2 - Internal Acoustic meatus
Sinus
Encased spaces within bone (lined with mucus)
Example - Frontal Sinus
Condyle
Bone articulating (point where 2 or more bones meet)
Epicondyle
Muscular attachment (Attachment for ligaments and tendons)
Condyle and epicondyle
Areas for bones to articulate with one another (only in the femur)
Archamedes
Greek philosopher who discovered the power of levers
- Found the use of the Archimedes screw
Archamedes screw
Really a lever - uses surface area of screw to lift water and pump it out
- can move fluid based on levers
- BASED ON LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE SCREW AND BASED ON THE WIEGHT OF THING THAT YOU ARE LIFTING
Still used for pumping
Levers
Have an arm and a fulcrom (Overall have the fulcrum, force, and resistence)
- If someone is in teh middle then the whole thing is balanced
Image - red = arm (lever) ; yellow = fulcrom –> whole thing is lever
Force in levers
Energy that you put in to move the weight (to move the resistance)
First class lever
Fulcrom us between the force and the resistnce
- Can be balanced
Ability to live resistence = based on the force + the resistnce + length of the lever + where the fulcrum is relative to the weight
- Longer levers = can lift heavier things
- Fulcrom closer to weight = can lift heavier things
Relationship between speed and distance
Heavier things will move faster
Strength and distance
Strength comes at cost of distance and speed
(I THINK distance = range of motion)
Affect of fulcrum position
Fulcrum position affects the force required BUT this comes at a cost for distance (Force will be higher of the fulcrum is close to the resistance)
- Fulcrom closer to weight = can lift heavier things
Second class lever
Resistance is between fulcrum and force (Fulcrom –> Resistance –> Force)
Can move resistence and force –> this will affect the speed and the weight that you can lift
What affects force required in a second class lever
Resistance position relative to fulcrum affects the force required and affects the distance
Third class lever
Force is between resistance and fulcrum (Fulcrum –> force –> resistnce)
Relationship between force position and fulcrum in third class levers
Force position relative to fulcrum affects total force reuqired + affects the distance + affects he speed
Catapolts Vs. Trebuchet
catapotls = for small things (Ex. rocks); uses archamedes screw
Trebuchet = for big things
Aircraft carriers
Use catapault technology to fling planes off ships
- Uses pullies to create length -(adding length to lever arm)
What do levers affect
Levers affect force required for a particular movement, the seed of the movement, and the range of motion
Example of 1st class lever in body
Axial joint in head
Resistance = muscles in back of neck (very thick muscles)
Weight (force) = head
Example of 2nd class lever in body
Foot
Ball of foot = fulcrom
Resistance = weight of the body
Force = gastric menius (lifts the weight of the body)
Example of 3rd class lever in body
Elbow
Joint = fulcrum
Bones of lower arm = lever
What is lifted with arm = resistance
Biceps = force
Origin (muscle terminology)
Most stable part (where closest to the core of the body/where it comes from)
Insertion (muscle terminology)
Business end – where the activity is
Belly (muscle terminology)
Thick part of muscle
Tendon
Connects bone to muscle
- Shiny, blue color
- Smooth –> is able to glide across surfaces
Example - In the wrist tendons connect flexor muscles of the arm to the wrist
Tubercle
Places on bones where tendons attatch to the bone
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
Apernerosis
Sheet that comes down to form the tendon proper (type of tendon)
Example - In hip
Healing of muscle vs tendon vs ligament
Muscle = has lots of blood flow = faster to heal
Tendon = less blood flow = slower to heal
Ligament = no blood flow = won’t repair
Muscle form
Have different shapes of muscles
Includes:
1. Circular
2. Convergent
3. parallel
4. Pennate
5. Unipennate
6. Bipennate
7. Multipennate
Circular muscles
includes obicukard oculair (allows us to blink) + obliculas oras allows parsed lips)
Convergent Muscles
Example - Pacteralus major (originates on the sternum) + clavical converges to the humerous + Temeralus muscle
Parallel Muscles
Fibers of musles are parallel
Muscle form - uni vs. bi vs. multipennate
Muscle shapes
Includes:
1. Quadragular muscle
2. Trapozoidal muscle
3. Triangular muscle (Ex. deltoid muscles)
4. Rhombodial muscle
5. Fusiform muscle
6. Digastric muscle (Two bellies)
7. Bicipital Muscle (Two heads)
How do we name muscles
- Based on size
- Based on shape
- Based on orientation
- Based on function
- Based on number of heads
- Based on origin-insertion
- Based on location
Muscle naming (based on size)
- Maximus/magnus = largest
- Minimus = smallest
- Longus = longest
- Brevis = shortest
- Latissimus = widest
Muscle naming (based on shape)
- Trapezius - trapazoid
- Deltoid - triangle
- Serrratus - saw-toothed
- Platysma - flat
Muscle naming (based on orientation)
- Rectus - parallel to midline
- Oblique
- Traverse
Muscle naming (based on function)
- Flexor - extensor
- Pronator - Supinator
- Levator - depressor
- Adductor - Adductor
- Rotator
- Tensor
Muscle naming (based on heads)
- Biceps - two heads
- Triceps - three heads
- Quadriceps - four heads
Muscle naming (based on origin-insertion)
Sternocleidomastoid - goes from mastoid process to sternum
Muscle naming (based on function)
Risorious - Laughing (muscles move to get shape to laugh)
Masseter - chewing
Muscle naming (based on location)
- Zygomaticus
- Subclavius
- Temoralis
ACL demonstration
Tear ACL= tibia can move foward
ACL = Anterior cruciate ligamient - crosses over with the Posterior cruciate ligament
Compartment syndrome
Muscls are surrounded by fashia - f blood vessls pop blood flows in and has no where to go = cut open in ER to reive the pressure
= Thick fascia on side of leg = can pick up body by fasia
