Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Body > Anatomy Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Anatomy Lesson of Dr. - Showcases public curiosity of Anatomy (Had public dissections once per year)

Painted in the Hague

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomy

A

Field of inquiry that endeavors to tell medicine where the body needs medical attention

Ex. Doctor doing exam to find injured area

***Asking the WHERE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cellular and Molecular Medicine

A

Medical and Scientific specialty that endeavors to explain the why and the how

Asking what is happening molecularly and cellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What explains the why (Why something is wrong)

A

Anatomy can explain the why (Ex. ACL tear = because anatomy

Cellular and Molecular Medicine can explain the why

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anatomy Name origin

A

Greek Origin - “I cut up, cut open”

Issue = Anatomy is more than dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dissection Name Origin

A

Latin - To cut to Pieces

Anatomy = overarching description

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Indicates things that can see with the naked eye (Gross = can see with the naked eye)

Issue = some people don’t like the term Gross Anatomy because the word gross has negative implications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

History of Anatomy

A

Start - Dissection of the human body was common in Alexandria (had a culture of investigators)

After Catholosism - Dissection was forbidden (Some people would sneak bodies to be able to see (Ex. Michalagelo))

Galin - Philosopher + scientist - learned anatomy based on dissection of animals BUT doctors had to use this information because they couldn’t dissect humans
- Sometimes they would be able to get bodies form battle field

1400s - Had limited Access to human bodies –> BUT they had public dissections
- The public was interested - became a spectacle
- People had a fascination with the natural world = had public dissections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A

Shows the public dissections that was held once a year
- Can see it was a public spectacle
- Had flags that remind people of the frailty of life
- Displays were about education (based on fact that they had skeletons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

UMD medical Campus + STORY

A

Oldest continually used medical building in the US

STORY - When it was hard to get bodies to dissect people were scared that their family member’s bodies would get stolen - there was a story that a caretaker Frank who worked at the medical building was the ring leader to get the bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was it easy/hard to get bodies?

A

In early 1900s it was easy to get bodies because people died young + people didn’t have money for funerals but it became harder as laws got stricter and people start dying later

NOW - have a formal donation process because we know it is for education (Maryland state anatomy board supplies >10,000 bodies for 140 programs in many states)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Organ

A

Anatomical entity make up of two types of tissue:

  1. Package the organ is in - That which frames the organ and from where sensation are perceived by the brain upon external stimulation
  2. Contents (prenchyma) - Those which execute the motor contractions or secretions of materials in response to stimuli - the organ’s muscular or glandular effector tissues
    • Tissue that secretes things/completes motor functions + responds to stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Body System

A

A collection of morphologically continuous integrated body organs that work together to accomplish one specific body function to help achieve and maintain homeostasis

  • SOME cover multiple functions (Ex. Digestive system can complete metabolism + uptake + digest food; Respiratory system can digest food + breath; Liver = Digestion + hormone regulation + blood filtration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Goal of all body systems

A

Trying to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do you need the right description in anatomy

A

Because many people depend on anatomy and everyone needs to be able to communicate clearly

Ex. A student observing a surgery might say a tumor is on the left but from the surgeon’s perspective it is on the top and from the pathologist’s perspective its different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  1. Hands rotated laterally - Palms face forward (Supernated)
  2. Head faces forward
  3. Feet shoulder width apart
  4. Standing erect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of Planes

A
  1. Median/Midsagital
  2. Sagital/Parasagital
  3. Coronal/Frontal
  4. Traverse/Horizontal/Axial
  5. Oblique
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Median/Midsagital Plane

A

Cut down the middle of the body (top to bottom)

Images - Midsagital of Head and neck; Midsagital of female pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sagital/Parasagital

A

Cut from top to bottom BUT not in the middle of the body (cut off the midline)

Ex. Cut top to bottom through the shoulder)

Image - Longitudinal section of the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coronal/Frontal

A

Cut Left to right BUT can be anywhere on the body (Any plane - more dorsal or more Ventral)

Image - Can see ACL + highland cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Traverse/Horizontal/Axial

A

Horizontal cut anywhere along the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Human Body Project

A

Government wanted to make an anatomy resource that would be an accurate anatomy sectional repository –> They got a male and a female –> sectioned the bodies and photographed everything
- Images were open to everyone
- Based on project they made 3D anatomical atlases
- After project CT and MRI scans improved so the project was less helpful because MRI and CT scans can be digitized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Persepctive of Images in Horizontal View

A

When have image in horizontal view you are always looking feet up so the image is mirrored (The images left is actually the right side of the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CT vs. MRI

A

CT = Based on bone refraction

MRI = Based on water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Moving towards MRIs

A

MRI can be digitized AND you can see any location by changing the section of the picture in scan not just one single cut

***During Human Body project they had MRI data but now that data is more accesible (can get on phones) making the Human Body project more obsolete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Oblique

A

Similar to a horizontal cut but changes the orientation of the plane (cuts at an angle)
- Used for specialized diagnostics (Ex. use in orthopedics to look at ACL - can see ACL better in Oblique; Can see origin and insertion of ACL)

***Images used have a key that shows the plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Supine Vs. Prone

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dorsal Vs. Ventral

A

Ventral (Anterior) = towards front of body

Dorsal (Posterior) = Towards the back of the body (Like dorsal in)

Anterior + Posterior = with respect to coronal

***AP = Anterior to posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cranial Vs. Caudal

A

Cranial (Superior) = closer to head

Caudal (Inferior) = farther from head/closer to feet (tail end)

Cranial/Caudal = mostly used for trunk of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Medial Vs. Lateral

A

Medial = closer to the midline

Lateral = farther from the midline

***Both = based on midsagital plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Proximal Vs. Distal

A

Proximal = more towards the trunk of body

Distal = farther from trunk of the body

***Used from bones (Ex. Humorous is proximal to elbow joint)

***Not ass applicative for nerves and vessels (Ex. Vessles go based on blood flow – Aorta = proximal; Artery is distal to aorta; vena cava is distal to tibial artery despite locations because of blood flow)

***For vessels - proximal is where the blood is first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Deep Vs. superficial

A

Deep = deeper to surface

Superficial Closer to surface)

***Used with respect to depth (based on surface of body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Extensor Vs. Flexor

A

Difference functions of muscles?

Extensor = Triceps extend

Flexor = surface of body (Ex. Biceps flex joint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Types of rotations

A
  1. Medial and lateral Rotation
  2. Eversion and Inversion
  3. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Medial and lateral Rotation

A

Medial = Rotate inside
Lateral = Rotate outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Eversion and Inversion

A

Like rolling an ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

A

Dorsiflexion = towards dorsal = flexing toes

Plantar Flexion = Pointing toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many bones are in the human body

A

206

Infants = have 270 bones (have more because the skull is not fused + the plates on the long bones are not fused)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Do all adults have the same amount of bones?

A

NO - there is variation in adults

Example - some people can have 2 sets of ribs (Example - they thought Rini’s daughter had 2 sets of ribs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Purpose of skeloton

A
  1. Provides structure
  2. Provides support
  3. protects organs (some are more protected than others)
  4. Muscles attach to it
  5. Allows body to move
  6. Supports posture
  7. Produces RBCs + Platlets + WBCs
  8. Produces Lipids (in yellow marrow)
  9. Mineral storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Things that can go wrong with bones

A
  1. Fractures
  2. Osteoporosis - Loss of bone density and strength
  3. Osteromelitus - Bone inflammation/infection
  4. Achromagly - Bone overgrowth due to pituitary hormone (Ex. Andre the giant)
  5. Rickets - failure of bones to grow properly because of lack of vitamin D
  6. Multiple myeloma - Bone cancer (Cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow)
    • Cancer is usually secondary meaning it spread from another area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Rickets story

A

There was a shipwreck and they bodies were well presrved –> they were able to look at their bones and found they all had rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Vitamen D deficieney

A

Leads to rickets

In canada + places in northern hemisphere = people don’t get enough vitamin D – 80% of population is vitamin D deficient
- In dairy in the US they add Vitamin D

Get vitamin D through sun + food (Food can include cod oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Split of skelatal structure

A

Axial and Appendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Includes cranium (Head) + spine + Ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Includes pelvic bone + limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Is there space in the body?

A

NO - the body is packed tight = no free space

Ex. Bowl + Intestines + liver = packed tight

**If there is space it can be a sign of disease pathology
**There is some space in alimentary canal in Digestive track (space for food to go in and out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Types of Bones

A
  1. Flat bones
  2. Long bones
  3. Irregular Bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Flat bones

A

Type of bone

Example - Skull, Hip bones, Shoulder blades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Long Bones

A

Type of bones - Includes:
1. Tibia
2. Fibula
3. Femur
4. Humerous
5. Radius
6. Ulna
7. Philanges (Fingers)

51
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Type of Bones - includes:

  1. Vertebrae (weird shape)
  2. Hand bones (~ 20 bones in the hand)
  3. Feet bones (Ex. Heel)
  4. Patella
52
Q

Name for patella

A

Sesame Bone – because it is free floating (not connected to other bone - encased in tendon and ligament)

53
Q

Bones to Know

A
54
Q

What is the most commonly broken bone in the body

A

Clavicle (because it anchors to the axial)

55
Q

What is the strongest and longest bone in the body

A

Femur

56
Q

What is surrounding the tibia

A

Mostly skin = nothing protecting it

57
Q

Fibula

A

Smaller of the lower leg bones

58
Q

How much weight can skull handle

A

Skull can take a ton of weight for 3 seconds (Very strong)

59
Q

Bones of skull to know

A
60
Q

Using cadavers for crash testing story

A

1940s - reserchers pioneered using crash test dummies (before this they used cadavers)
- cadavers is how we know the skull can take a ton of weight

61
Q

Characteristics of long bones

A

Long bones are very strong considering how light they are
- Trucculai makes mesh work in bones?

62
Q

Bones in skull

A

Frontal bone - across forehead (single bone)
Sphenoid - is an irrregular bone
Nasal bone
Maxila - Top part of the Jaw (non-movable part of the jaw)
Nasal Spine - Pointy part of Maxila (Predicts the shape of lower part of the nose)
Mandible - Movable part of the Jaw
Zygomaticus - Makes up cheeck bone
Occipital
Mastoid Process - Behind the ear (Sternal clusal mastoid mescle goes to sternum)
Temperal bone - contains and right and a left bone (Just above ear)
Parietal - contains a left and right bone with a suture in between (Suture between is the mid sagitical suture)

63
Q

Sutures in skull

A

Sutures = integrates joints (between bones - joins them) but don’t move)

Includes:
Sagital suture - Between parietal bones
Coronal Suture

64
Q

Tuberosity

A

Often were muscle attches to

***Ischial Tuberosity = why bottom hurts after sitting

65
Q

Tubercle

A

Where muscle connects to bone

***Often people who work in manual labor have bigger and have more ridges in the tubercle - because it is where the muscle connects to bone meaning the muscle growing affects the bone

66
Q

Tuberosity Vs. Tubercle

A

Similar but different sizes

67
Q

Crest

A

Example - Iliac crest (what you feel when feel hips)

68
Q

Notch

A

Often nerves go through the notch

Example - greater sciatic notch (where plexus passes)

69
Q

Spine

A

Area of tendon attachment

Example - Ischial Spine

70
Q

Tuberosity, Tubercle, Crest, Notch, Spine

A
71
Q

Process

A

Pieces of bone that poke backwards

Example - Spinous processes (things you feel when feel spine)

72
Q

Facet

A

Flattened portion of bones (Flat area connected to flat area = facet)

Example - Traverse costal facet or in fingers or in foot

73
Q

Process and Facet on diagram

A
74
Q

Foramen

A

Opening to allow something to go outside the skull

Example - Foremen magnum or a foreman that allows the optic nerve to go to eyes

75
Q

Fossa

A

Cavity

Example - Anterior cranial fossa/ Middle cranial fossa/ posterior cranial fossa

76
Q

Fissure

A

Similar to a fossa but it is where 2 bones meat and where things come and go

Example - Superior orbital fissure

77
Q

Meatus

A

Opening (like foreman but things stay within the skull)

Example - Nerves go to ear but are not exiting the body
Example #2 - Internal Acoustic meatus

78
Q

Sinus

A

Encased spaces within bone (lined with mucus)

Example - Frontal Sinus

79
Q

Condyle

A

Bone articulating (point where 2 or more bones meet)

80
Q

Epicondyle

A

Muscular attachment (Attachment for ligaments and tendons)

81
Q

Condyle and epicondyle

A

Areas for bones to articulate with one another (only in the femur)

82
Q

Archamedes

A

Greek philosopher who discovered the power of levers
- Found the use of the Archimedes screw

83
Q

Archamedes screw

A

Really a lever - uses surface area of screw to lift water and pump it out
- can move fluid based on levers
- BASED ON LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE SCREW AND BASED ON THE WIEGHT OF THING THAT YOU ARE LIFTING

Still used for pumping

84
Q

Levers

A

Have an arm and a fulcrom (Overall have the fulcrum, force, and resistence)
- If someone is in teh middle then the whole thing is balanced

Image - red = arm (lever) ; yellow = fulcrom –> whole thing is lever

85
Q

Force in levers

A

Energy that you put in to move the weight (to move the resistance)

86
Q

First class lever

A

Fulcrom us between the force and the resistnce
- Can be balanced

Ability to live resistence = based on the force + the resistnce + length of the lever + where the fulcrum is relative to the weight
- Longer levers = can lift heavier things
- Fulcrom closer to weight = can lift heavier things

87
Q

Relationship between speed and distance

A

Heavier things will move faster

88
Q

Strength and distance

A

Strength comes at cost of distance and speed

(I THINK distance = range of motion)

89
Q

Affect of fulcrum position

A

Fulcrum position affects the force required BUT this comes at a cost for distance (Force will be higher of the fulcrum is close to the resistance)
- Fulcrom closer to weight = can lift heavier things

90
Q

Second class lever

A

Resistance is between fulcrum and force (Fulcrom –> Resistance –> Force)

Can move resistence and force –> this will affect the speed and the weight that you can lift

91
Q

What affects force required in a second class lever

A

Resistance position relative to fulcrum affects the force required and affects the distance

92
Q

Third class lever

A

Force is between resistance and fulcrum (Fulcrum –> force –> resistnce)

93
Q

Relationship between force position and fulcrum in third class levers

A

Force position relative to fulcrum affects total force reuqired + affects the distance + affects he speed

94
Q

Catapolts Vs. Trebuchet

A

catapotls = for small things (Ex. rocks); uses archamedes screw

Trebuchet = for big things

95
Q

Aircraft carriers

A

Use catapault technology to fling planes off ships
- Uses pullies to create length -(adding length to lever arm)

96
Q

What do levers affect

A

Levers affect force required for a particular movement, the seed of the movement, and the range of motion

97
Q

Example of 1st class lever in body

A

Axial joint in head

Resistance = muscles in back of neck (very thick muscles)
Weight (force) = head

98
Q

Example of 2nd class lever in body

A

Foot

Ball of foot = fulcrom
Resistance = weight of the body
Force = gastric menius (lifts the weight of the body)

99
Q

Example of 3rd class lever in body

A

Elbow

Joint = fulcrum
Bones of lower arm = lever
What is lifted with arm = resistance
Biceps = force

100
Q

Origin (muscle terminology)

A

Most stable part (where closest to the core of the body/where it comes from)

101
Q

Insertion (muscle terminology)

A

Business end – where the activity is

102
Q

Belly (muscle terminology)

A

Thick part of muscle

103
Q

Tendon

A

Connects bone to muscle
- Shiny, blue color
- Smooth –> is able to glide across surfaces

Example - In the wrist tendons connect flexor muscles of the arm to the wrist

104
Q

Tubercle

A

Places on bones where tendons attatch to the bone

105
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

106
Q

Apernerosis

A

Sheet that comes down to form the tendon proper (type of tendon)

Example - In hip

107
Q

Healing of muscle vs tendon vs ligament

A

Muscle = has lots of blood flow = faster to heal

Tendon = less blood flow = slower to heal

Ligament = no blood flow = won’t repair

108
Q

Muscle form

A

Have different shapes of muscles

Includes:
1. Circular
2. Convergent
3. parallel
4. Pennate
5. Unipennate
6. Bipennate
7. Multipennate

109
Q

Circular muscles

A

includes obicukard oculair (allows us to blink) + obliculas oras allows parsed lips)

110
Q

Convergent Muscles

A

Example - Pacteralus major (originates on the sternum) + clavical converges to the humerous + Temeralus muscle

111
Q

Parallel Muscles

A

Fibers of musles are parallel

112
Q

Muscle form - uni vs. bi vs. multipennate

A
113
Q

Muscle shapes

A

Includes:
1. Quadragular muscle
2. Trapozoidal muscle
3. Triangular muscle (Ex. deltoid muscles)
4. Rhombodial muscle
5. Fusiform muscle
6. Digastric muscle (Two bellies)
7. Bicipital Muscle (Two heads)

114
Q

How do we name muscles

A
  1. Based on size
  2. Based on shape
  3. Based on orientation
  4. Based on function
  5. Based on number of heads
  6. Based on origin-insertion
  7. Based on location
115
Q

Muscle naming (based on size)

A
  1. Maximus/magnus = largest
  2. Minimus = smallest
  3. Longus = longest
  4. Brevis = shortest
  5. Latissimus = widest
116
Q

Muscle naming (based on shape)

A
  1. Trapezius - trapazoid
  2. Deltoid - triangle
  3. Serrratus - saw-toothed
  4. Platysma - flat
117
Q

Muscle naming (based on orientation)

A
  1. Rectus - parallel to midline
  2. Oblique
  3. Traverse
118
Q

Muscle naming (based on function)

A
  1. Flexor - extensor
  2. Pronator - Supinator
  3. Levator - depressor
  4. Adductor - Adductor
  5. Rotator
  6. Tensor
119
Q

Muscle naming (based on heads)

A
  1. Biceps - two heads
  2. Triceps - three heads
  3. Quadriceps - four heads
120
Q

Muscle naming (based on origin-insertion)

A

Sternocleidomastoid - goes from mastoid process to sternum

121
Q

Muscle naming (based on function)

A

Risorious - Laughing (muscles move to get shape to laugh)

Masseter - chewing

122
Q

Muscle naming (based on location)

A
  1. Zygomaticus
  2. Subclavius
  3. Temoralis
123
Q

ACL demonstration

A

Tear ACL= tibia can move foward

ACL = Anterior cruciate ligamient - crosses over with the Posterior cruciate ligament

124
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Muscls are surrounded by fashia - f blood vessls pop blood flows in and has no where to go = cut open in ER to reive the pressure
= Thick fascia on side of leg = can pick up body by fasia

Human Body (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions