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Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

tissue level

A

groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function

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2
Q

histology

A

study of normal tissue

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3
Q

pathology

A

study of diseased tissue

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4
Q

extracellular matrix

A

non living material that cells secrete, surrounds,m and binds cells composition: liquid “plasma” semisolid “cartilage” solid “bone”

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5
Q

4 basic tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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6
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surface, lines body cavities lumens and glands form
epi= upon; thelium= to cover

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7
Q

connective tissue (C.T.)

A

bind, supports and protects body parts

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8
Q

location of epithelial tissue

A

covers the bodys surface, is part of the serous membranes that line body cavities, lines the lumen of tubes and ducts and forms glands
(one side exposed to a body cavity, lumen, skin)

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9
Q

polarity of epithelial tissue

A

apical surface, lateral surface, basement membrane and basal surface

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10
Q

apical surface

A

faces lumen

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11
Q

lateral surface

A

sides

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12
Q

basal surface

A

part connected to C.T.

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13
Q

basement membrane

A

connect epithelial tissue to connective; acts as a filter

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14
Q

cellularity of epithelial tissue

A

the cells are tightly packed, have specific types of junctions, and have very little extracellular matrix

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15
Q

intercellular junctions

A

between epithelial cells

  • tight junction
  • adhering junction
  • desmosome
  • gap junction
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16
Q

tight junction

A

close to apilical border; border around lateral sides to prevent material from going between cells

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17
Q

adhering junction

A

strengthen material going through cells

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18
Q

gap junction

A

electrical junction, cells can communicate rapidly

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19
Q

attachment of epithelial tissue

A

basal surface is attached to C.T. by a thin membrane
parts of it are made by epithelium and parts by C.T.
it anchors epithelium, strengthens the attachment to the C.T.
forms a selective molecular barrier to regulate the movement of large molecules between the epithelium and C.T.

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20
Q

Avascular

A

doesnt have blood vessels, have to get nourishment from C.T. below it

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21
Q

high regeneration (mitotic) capacity

A

divide rapidly epithelial tissue regenerates

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22
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

physical protection, selectively permeability, secretions, and sensations

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23
Q

physical protection

A

epithelium, compartmentalize, control, permeability (must cross abs filtr diffusion)

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24
Q

classification of epithelial tissue

number of cell layers

A

simple, stratified, and pseudostratified

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25
Q

simple

A

has a single layer, every cell in contact with basement membrane
function: filtration, diffusion, osmosis

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26
Q

stratified

A

more than one layer

function; protection (anus, vagina, oral cavity)

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27
Q

pseudostratified

A

false, every cell in contact with basement membrane

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28
Q

classification of epithelial tissue

cell shape at apical surface

A

squamous, cuboid, columnar, and transitional

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29
Q

squamous

A

very thin, all capillaries

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30
Q

cuboid

A

square cell, in center

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31
Q

columnar

A

tall cells

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32
Q

specializations on apical surface of epithelial tissue

A

microvilli, cilia, stereocilia, and metaplasia

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33
Q

microvilli

A

tiny, cytoplasmic projections on the apical surface. the function of microvilli (brush border) is to increase the surface area for secretion and absorption through the apical surface
ex) digestive tract

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34
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections on the apical surface that move substances across the apical surface
ex) in uterine tubes and respiratory tract

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35
Q

stereocilia

A

are long, stiff microvilli on hair cells of the inner ear for equilibrium and hearing

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36
Q

metaplasia

A

changing from one cell type to another

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37
Q

types of epithelium

A

simple squamous, simple cuboid, simple columnar, stratified squamous, pseudostratified, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional

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38
Q

simple squamous

A

single thin layer of flat cells. the function is for diffusion, osmosis and filtration. it has different names in different places (alveoli and lungs)

  • endothelium
  • mesothelium
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39
Q

endothelium

A

lines the inside of the heart chambers (aka endocardium), lines the inside of blood and lymphatic vessels and is the capillary wall

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40
Q

mesothelium

A

part of the serous membranes that line the ventral body cavity and the organs in those cavities: pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

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41
Q

simple cuboidal

A

single layer of cells as wide as they are tall. the function is to absorption and secretion. simple cuboid lines small ducts and tubes.
ex) much of nephron tubules for reabsorption of glucose, ions, and water

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42
Q

simple columnar

A

single layer of tall, narrow cells (lines stomach)

43
Q

2 types of single columnar cells

A

nonciluiated simple columnar and cilitaed simple columnar

44
Q

nonciliated simple columnar

A

usually has microvilli for increased surface area for absorption. lines most of the G.I tract (stomach to anal canal)

45
Q

ciliated simple columnar

A

cilia move something across the apical membrane

ex. lines the lumen of the uterine tube and also the bronchioles

46
Q

stratified squamous

A

mutliple layers with apical layer squamous

function: protection of underlying tissues

47
Q

2 types of stratified squamous

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous and keratinized stratified squamous

48
Q

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A

lines the tubes that enter or leave the body: oral cavity, part of the pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus
the cells remian alive to the apical surface and are kept moist by saliva or mucus

49
Q

keratinized stratified squamous

A

the apical is composed of layers of cells that are dead; these cells lack nuclei and are filled with the protein keratin. keratin strengthens the cells. this type of epithelium is found in the epidermis (outer layer of skin)
- large ducts in exocrine glands, parts of urethra

50
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

found in larger ducts of sweat and salivary glands (protection, secretion)

51
Q

stratified columnar

A

rare, membranous male urethra and some very large salivary ducts (PNS)

52
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

lining of nasal cavity

53
Q

2 types of pseudostratified columnar

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar and nonciliated pseudostratified columnar

54
Q

pseudostrratified ciliated columnar

A

aka respiratory epithelium
it lines the nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
it works with goblet cells (which produce mucus) to help clean the respiratory tract of dust particles and foreign materials
- protects

55
Q

nonciliated pseudostratified columnar

A

rare part of the male urethra and epididymis (lack cilia and goblet)

56
Q

transitional

A

allows for strecthing and change shape depending on whether it is relaxed or stretched
it contains a few binucleated cells. it is found in the ureters, urinary bladder and the proximal part of the urethra

57
Q

Glands

A

specialized secretory structures

58
Q

2 types of glands

A

endocrine and exocrine glands

59
Q

endocrine glands

A

do not have ducts
they secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream. the hormones are carried by the blood to their target organs

60
Q

exocrine glands

A

have ducts
an epithelial-lined tube through which the secretions of the gland are discharged
ex. sweat glands, mammary glands, digestive enzymes from the pancreas and saliva from salivary glands (pancriatic duct- small intestine)

61
Q

structure of exocrine glands

A

unicellular: ex goblet cell, secretes mucin to surface (find in respiratory system)
multicellular: acini (secretory portion) and ducts

62
Q

classification of exocrine glands

A

form and structure (anatomic)
secretion types: serous, mucous, mixed
secretion methods

63
Q

secretion methods of exocrine glands

A

merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine

64
Q

merocrine

A

exocytosis: lacrimal, salaviary sweat, exocrine glands of pancreas and gastric glands of stomach)
thin watery secretion

65
Q

holocrine

A

entire cell (is left off)
ex sebaceous glands
whole thing secreted, pubic area cyst

66
Q

apocrine

A

a part of the cell is pinched off

ex mammary glands

67
Q

Connective tissue (C.T.)

A

the glue that binds body structures together.
made of cells, protein fibers and ground substance- (space matrix, lots)
highly vascular except for cartilage

68
Q

cells of C.T.

A

C.T. “proper” contains fibroblasts (main cell), fat contains adipocytes, cartilage contains chondrocytes and bone contains osteocytes
-makes fiber, found in matrix

69
Q

protein fibers of C.T.

A

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

70
Q

collagen fibers

A

white fibers, find tendons and ligaments (flexible and strong)

71
Q

elastic fibers

A

find in major arteries

wall of arteries to be able to stand; trachea, larynx, brochial tubes, between verterbral arches

72
Q

reticular fibers

A

find in spleen, liver, lymphnodes, phagocytes cells, and bone marrow
intervenes framework, network (spiders web)

73
Q

ground substance

A
  • non-living material produced by the C.T. cells
  • consists of protein and carbohydrate molecules variable amounts of h20
  • can be solid (bone), semisolid (cartilage), or viscous (blood/plasma watery)
  • plus protein fibers form the extracellular matrix
74
Q

what resides within ground substance?

A

-both cells and protein fibers reside within this

75
Q

dense regular collagen

A

strength in 1 direction

76
Q

dense irregular collagen

A

strength in different directions/ dermis of the skin

77
Q

functions of protein fibers

A

physical protection, support and structural framework, binding structures, storage, transport, and immune protection

78
Q

physical protection

A

ex bones- cranial vault (brain) and thoracic cage (lungs and heart), fat can act as a cushion (kidney, eye)

79
Q

support and strucutral framework

A

bones provide framework for the body.
cartilage supports the trachea, bronchi, ears, and nose.
C.T. sheets form capsules for the spleen and kidneys
bronchi- keep bronchial tree open so doesnt calapse

80
Q

binding structures

A

ligaments bind bone to bone, tendons bind muscle to muscle.

dense irregular C.T. binds skin to underlying muscle and bone

81
Q

storage

A

fat is the major store of energy. bone is a large reservoir for calcium and phosphorus

82
Q

transport

A

blood carries nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, and blood cells

83
Q

immune protection

A

many types of C.T. contain leukocytes (WBC) which protect the body against disease and mount an immune response when the body is exposed to something foreign

84
Q

development of C.T.

A

develops from mesoderm
main embryonic C.T. is mesenchyme (stem cells- connect fibers proper)
the source for all other C.T..
the stem of cells that support the repair of tissues
(fine immature protein fibers supports and repairs)

85
Q

classification of C.T.

A

C.T. proper, loose C.T., and dense C.T.

86
Q

C.T. proper

A

ct that exhibit a variable mixture of ct cell types and extracellular protein fibers suspended from viscous ground substance

87
Q

loose C.T.

A

fewer fibers, more ground substance

supports and surround blood vessels and nerves, medium for diff

88
Q

dense C.T.

A

more protein fibers and less ground substance

89
Q

types of loose C.T.

A

areolar C.T., adipose C.T., and reticular C.T.

90
Q

areolar C.T.

A

least specialized
found nearly everywhere- surrounds nerves, blood vessels and muscle cells
major part of the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

91
Q

adipose C.T.

A

fat, serves as packing around structures that provides padding, cushion shocks
acts as an insulator to slow heat loss and is the primary energy store for the body
- store lipids (energy), protects and insulates to slow heat process (nucleus inside)

92
Q

reticular C.T.

A

contains a meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts and leukocytes
forms the stroma of many lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow)

93
Q

types of dense C.T.

A

dense regular C.T., dense irregular C.T., and elastic C.T.

94
Q

dense regular C.T.

A

made of collagen fibers packed tightly and aligned parallel to a line of force
ex tendons and ligaments (they are slow healing bc they have few blood vessels)

95
Q

dense irregular C.T.

A

individual bundles of collagen fibers extend in all directions so it provides resistance to stress in multiple directions
ex. deep portion of the dermis, perichondrium (supports cartilage) and periosteum (around bone)

96
Q

elastic C.T.

A

elastic fibers provide resilience and the ability to deform and then return to normal shape
ex. vocal cords

97
Q

cartilage

A

avascular
tissue with semisolid matrix, chondrocytes supports and protects
precursor for some bones
articular surface on bones of movable joints

98
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

99
Q

hyaline

A 
most common type, found at all joints 
articular cartilage (bones attach to other bones) 
covers articular surface of bones, trachea, bronchi, nose, costal cartilage, most bones
100
Q

hyaline and arthritis

A

something goes wrong with cartilage

- teflon dont want bones to rub against each other

101
Q

Rib cage questions

A

what type of cartilage: hyaline

where location: costal cartilage

102
Q

fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, pubis symphsis, knee (lateral)

103
Q

elastic cartilage

A

ear, part of larynx epiglottis (trachea)

dorsal and central body cavity

Anatomy (12 decks)

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