histo urology

Question 1

risk factors for cystitis

Answer 1

sexually active instrumentation DM urinary outflow obstruction bladder calculi

Question 2

drug associated with haemmorhagic cystitis

Answer 2

cyclophosphamide

Question 3

sx and tx of cystitis

Answer 3

suprapubic pain, fever, dysuria, frequency nitrofurantoin/ trimethoprim

Question 4

TCC symptoms

Answer 4

painless haematuria, urgency, frequency, hydronephrosi and pyelonephritis

Question 5

when does hydronephrosis/ pyelonephritis develop in TCC

Answer 5

if uteral orifice is involved

Question 6

risk factors for TCC

Answer 6

smoking, industrial exposure to organic aratomatic amines

Question 7

treatmetn and prognosis for TCC

Answer 7

biopsy and excise often grows back at a higher grade

Question 8

risk factor for bladder SCC

Answer 8

endemic schistosomiasis

Question 9

cause of bladder adenocarcinoma

Answer 9

urachal remnants or excessive itnestinal metaplasia

Question 10

cells affected in BPH

Answer 10

prostatic stromal and epithelial cells

Question 11

factor mediating BPH

Answer 11

dihydrotestosterone

Question 12

symptoms of BPH

Answer 12

Frequency Urgency Nocturia Weak stream Incomplete voiding

Question 13

treatment of BPH

Answer 13

TURP 5alpha reductase inhibitors

Question 14

what type of tumour arises in the prostate gland

Answer 14

adenocarcinoma

Question 15

RF for prostate cancer

Answer 15

FH >50yo

Question 16

most common location for prostate cancer

Answer 16

peripheral zone of gland

Question 17

grading system for prostate cancer

Answer 17

gleason

Question 18

what PSA level is indicative of prostate cancer

Answer 18

>4ng/ml

Question 19

organisms resposible for acute prostatitis

Answer 19

gram negative rods E Coli staph enterococci

Question 20

difference between bacterial and abacterial prostatitis

Answer 20

history of recurrent UTI in bacterial

Question 21

when do seminomas arise and are tehy common

Answer 21

in the 30s YES

Question 22

hormonal markers for teratomas

Answer 22

AFP HCG LDH

Question 23

clinical features of teratomas

Answer 23

painless enlargemnt

Question 24

when are teratomas malignant

Answer 24

when they present in post pubertal male

Question 25

which are the male stromal tumours

Answer 25

sertoli cell leydig cell

Question 26

what are male germ cell tumours

Answer 26

seminoma choriocarcinoma yolk sac tumour teratoma

Question 27

predisposing factors for germ cell tumours in men

Answer 27

cryptorchidism testicular dysgenesis klinefelters

Question 28

what does maldescent of testis increase risk of

Answer 28

testicular cancer x10