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flashcards of path guide 2018 > histo resp > Flashcards

histo resp Flashcards

1
Q

what are the obstructive lung diseases

A

COPD asthma bronchiectasis emphysema bronchilitis

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2
Q

pathology of chronic bronchitis

A

dilation of airways and excessive mucus prouction

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3
Q

histology of chronic bronchitis

A

dilation of airways goblet cell hyperplasia hypertrophy of mucus glands

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4
Q

clinical features of chronic bronchitis

A

cough WITH SPUTUM for most days of three months over a two year period

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5
Q

causes of chronic bronchitis

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency smoking air pollution

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6
Q

complications of chronic bronchitis

A

hypoxia pulmonary hypertension recurrent infections

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7
Q

histological feature of bronchiectasis

A

permanently dilated bronchi

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8
Q

congenital causes of bronchiectasis

A

kartageners syndrome CF hypogammaglobulinaemia yellow nail syndrome youngs syndrome

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9
Q

pathology of bronchiectasis

A

airway dilatation and scarring

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10
Q

clinical features of bronchiectasis

A

cough with purulent sputum fever

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11
Q

complications of bronchiectasis

A

infections pulm HTN amyloidosis haemoptysis

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12
Q

histology of asthma

A

whorls of shed epithelium (curschman spirals) eosinophils smooth muscle hyperplasia charcot leyden spirals

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13
Q

pathology of asthma

A

mast cells degranulate histamine IL1 eosinophils

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14
Q

site of asthma pathology

A

bronchus

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15
Q

site of emphysema pathology

A

acinus

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16
Q

clinical features of emphysema

A

dyspnoea cough

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17
Q

histological features of emphysema

A

loss of alvealar parenchyma distal to the terminal bronchiole

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18
Q

pathology of emphysema

A

airspace enlargment and wall destruction

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19
Q

causes of emphysema

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin defiicency smoking

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20
Q

complications of emphysema

A

pneumothorax pulmonary HTN

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21
Q

inflammatory causes of bronchiectasis

A

asthma systemic disease e.g. connective tissue post inflammatory e.g. aspiration

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22
Q

respiratory disease causing bronchiectasis

A

interstitial fibrosis- sarcoidosis, CFA bronchiolar disease- OB

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23
Q

immunological causes of bronchiectasis

A

primary: hypogammaglobulinaemia secondary: chemo

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24
Q

young’s syndrome

A

azoospermia, bronchiectasis and rhinosinusitis

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25
Q

yellow nail syndrome

A

yellow dystrophic nails, lymphoedema, pleural effusion and bronchiectasis

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26
Q

pattern of restrictive lung disea

A

FEV1 and FVC are both low ratio is therefore norman

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27
Q

spirometry findings for restrictive lung disease

A

reduced compliance decreased lung volume decreased CO diffusion capacity

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28
Q

presentation of restrictive lung disease

A

end inspiratory crackles sob cyanosis, pulm HTN HONEYCOMB LUNG

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29
Q

fibrosing restrictive lung disease

A

CFA/ IPF pneunoconiosis cryptogenic organising pneumonia drug induced ratiation pneumonitis connective tissue disease

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30
Q

granulomatous restrictive lung disease

A

sarcoid EAA (churgstrauss, wegeners and microscopic polyangiitis) esoinophilic smoking

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31
Q

CFA/ IPF histological findings

A

sub pleural PATCHY INTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS (honeycomb lung)

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32
Q

pathology of CFA/ IPF

A

usual interstial pneumonia starting at periphery and moving inwards. patchy sub pleural fibrosis hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes and cyst formation

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33
Q

clinical features of IPF/ CFA

A

CLUBBING progressive exertional dyspnoea cyanosis pulm hTN

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34
Q

treatment of IPF/ CFA

A

steroids, cyclophosphaminde, azothioprine

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35
Q

site of pneumoconiosis pathology

A

upper lobes

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36
Q

subtypes of pneuoconiosis

A

coal miners lung, asbestosis, silicosis

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37
Q

where does asbestosis occur and what is the complication

A

lower lobes mesothelioma

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38
Q

is pneumoconiosis a neoplastic process

A

no it is a lung reaction to inhaled particles

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39
Q

histological findings of asbestosis

A

plaques, fibrosis

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40
Q

what is a granuloma

A

collection of histocytes, macrophages +/- multinucleate giant cells

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41
Q

granulomatous lung disease pathology

A

prolonged exposure to orangic allergics inhaling organic particles causing widespread alveolar inflammation

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42
Q

symptoms of granulomatous lung disease

A

acutely: fever, chills, chest pain, sob, cough choronic EAA: clubbing, wt loss and persistent productive cough and sob

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43
Q

histological findings in granulomatous lung disease

A

polypoid plugs of loose connective tissue in bronchioles and alveoli resulting in organising pneumonia and granuloma formation

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44
Q

microorganism for farmers lung

A

saccharopolyspora rectivirgula

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45
Q

pigeon fanciers lung microbe

A

protein in bird feathers/ excretia

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46
Q

humidifiers lung microbe

A

thermactinomyces spp

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47
Q

cheeseworkers lung

A

aspergillus clavatus penicillium casei

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48
Q

maltworkers lung

A

aspergillus clavatus aspergillus fumigatus

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49
Q

stages of lobar pneumonia

A
  1. consolidation 2. red hepatisation (neutrophilia) 3. grey hepatisation (fibrosis) 4. resolution
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50
Q

pathology of lobar pneumonia

A

finbrinosuppurtive consolidation

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51
Q

pathology of atypical pneumonia

A

interstitial pnumonitis with no inta alveolar inflammation

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52
Q

pathology of bronchopneumonia

A

patchy bronchial or peribronchial distribution

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53
Q

SCC of the lung mutations

A

c-myc/ p53 mutations

54
Q

location of scc of the lung

A

central (proximal bronchi) results in obstructive symptoms such as IVC compression

55
Q

is smoking correlated with SCC of the lung

A

YES

56
Q

cytology of SCC of the lung

A

squamous cell

57
Q

histology of SCC of the lung

A

keratinisation intercellular prickles (desmosomes)

58
Q

endocrine association of SCC of the lung

A

hypercalcaemia

59
Q

two subtypes of SCC of the lung

A

papilliary, basaloid

60
Q

progression of SCC of the lung

A

epithelium- hyperplasia- squamous metasplasia- angiosquamous dysplasia- carcinoma in situ- invasive carcinoma

61
Q

adenocarcinoma molecular mutations

A

EGFR

62
Q

adenocarcinoma of the lung location

A

peripheral with early mets

63
Q

histology of adenocarcinoma of the lung

A

glandular differentiaion and mucin production

64
Q

cytology of adenocarcinoma of the lung

A

cells with mucin vacuoles

65
Q

cell division in adenocarcinoma of the lung

A

atypical adenomatous hyperplasia- non-mucinous BAC- mixed pattern

66
Q

small cell lung cancer location

A

central with early mets

67
Q

small cell lung cancer causes/ mutations

A

smoking p53, RB1

68
Q

cells in small cell lung cancer

A

neuroendocrine cells

69
Q

syndromes as a consequence of small cell lung cancer

A

lambert-eaton, SIADH cerebellar degeneration

70
Q

features of large cell lung cancinoma

A

large cells with large nuclei and prominant nucleoli no glandular or squamous degeneration

71
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from ADH production

A

SIADH

72
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from ACTH

A

Cushing’s syndrome

73
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from bradykinin

A

cough

74
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from PTH/ PTHrH

A

hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcaemia and bone pain

75
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from calcitonin

A

hypercalcaemia

76
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from serotonin

A

carcinoid syndrome (flushing, diarrhorrea and bronchoconstriction)

77
Q

mutations that indicate poor response to tyrosine kinsase inhibitors in lung cancer

A

AML4-ALK Kras

78
Q

when are tyrosine kinase inhibitors useful in lung cancer

A

presence of EGFR mutation (adenocarcinoma)

79
Q

when are NSCLC unlikely to response to cisplatin

A

ERCC! mutation

80
Q

mesothelioma locatoion

A

parietal or visceral pleura

81
Q

symptoms of mesothelioma

A

pleural effusion, chest pain and dyspnea

82
Q

class 1 pulm HTN

A

pulmonary arterial hypertension

83
Q

causes of class 1 pulm htn

A

idiopathic hereditary drugs/ toxins associated with congenital heart disease

84
Q

class 2 pulm HTN

A

pulm HTN associated with left heart disease

85
Q

class 3 pulm HTN

A

pulm HTN due to lung disease

86
Q

class 4 pulm HTN

A

chronic thromboemolic pulm htn

87
Q

class 5 pulm HTN

A

unclear multifactorial mechanisms

88
Q

causes of pulomonary hypertension

A

precapilliary: chronix hypoxia/ pulonary embolus capilliary: pulmonary fibrosis post capilliary: left heart disease/ veno-occlusivie disease pulonary vasoconstriction of arterioles- intimal fibrosis/ thickened walls

89
Q

histology of pulmonary oedema

A

intra-alveolar fluid, iron laden macrophages

90
Q

definition of pulomonary oedema

A

intra alveolar fluid accumulation leading to poor gas exchange

91
Q

histology of diffuse alveolar damage

A

lung is expanded PLUM COLOURED airless

92
Q

causes of diffuse alveolar damage

A

ARDS (infection, trauma, aspiration) hyaline membrane disease in neonates insufficiant surfactant in premature babies

93
Q

cytology of SCC of the lung

A

squamous cell

94
Q

histology of SCC of the lung

A

keratinisation intercellular prickles (desmosomes)

95
Q

endocrine association of SCC of the lung

A

hypercalcaemia

96
Q

two subtypes of SCC of the lung

A

papilliary, basaloid

97
Q

progression of SCC of the lung

A

epithelium- hyperplasia- squamous metasplasia- angiosquamous dysplasia- carcinoma in situ- invasive carcinoma

98
Q

adenocarcinoma molecular mutations

A

EGFR

99
Q

adenocarcinoma of the lung location

A

peripheral with early mets

100
Q

histology of adenocarcinoma of the lung

A

glandular differentiaion and mucin production

101
Q

cytology of adenocarcinoma of the lung

A

cells with mucin vacuoles

102
Q

cell division in adenocarcinoma of the lung

A

atypical adenomatous hyperplasia- non-mucinous BAC- mixed pattern

103
Q

small cell lung cancer location

A

central with early mets

104
Q

small cell lung cancer causes/ mutations

A

smoking p53, RB1

105
Q

cells in small cell lung cancer

A

neuroendocrine cells

106
Q

syndromes as a consequence of small cell lung cancer

A

lambert-eaton, SIADH cerebellar degeneration

107
Q

features of large cell lung cancinoma

A

large cells with large nuclei and prominant nucleoli no glandular or squamous degeneration

108
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from ADH production

A

SIADH

109
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from ACTH

A

Cushing’s syndrome

110
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from bradykinin

A

cough

111
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from PTH/ PTHrH

A

hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcaemia and bone pain

112
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from calcitonin

A

hypercalcaemia

113
Q

paraneoplasitc syndrome from serotonin

A

carcinoid syndrome (flushing, diarrhorrea and bronchoconstriction)

114
Q

mutations that indicate poor response to tyrosine kinsase inhibitors in lung cancer

A

AML4-ALK Kras

115
Q

when are tyrosine kinase inhibitors useful in lung cancer

A

presence of EGFR mutation (adenocarcinoma)

116
Q

when are NSCLC unlikely to response to cisplatin

A

ERCC! mutation

117
Q

mesothelioma locatoion

A

parietal or visceral pleura

118
Q

symptoms of mesothelioma

A

pleural effusion, chest pain and dyspnea

119
Q

class 1 pulm HTN

A

pulmonary arterial hypertension

120
Q

causes of class 1 pulm htn

A

idiopathic hereditary drugs/ toxins associated with congenital heart disease

121
Q

class 2 pulm HTN

A

pulm HTN associated with left heart disease

122
Q

class 3 pulm HTN

A

pulm HTN due to lung disease

123
Q

class 4 pulm HTN

A

chronic thromboemolic pulm htn

124
Q

class 5 pulm HTN

A

unclear multifactorial mechanisms

125
Q

causes of pulomonary hypertension

A

precapilliary: chronix hypoxia/ pulonary embolus capilliary: pulmonary fibrosis post capilliary: left heart disease/ veno-occlusivie disease pulonary vasoconstriction of arterioles- intimal fibrosis/ thickened walls

126
Q

histology of pulmonary oedema

A

intra-alveolar fluid, iron laden macrophages

127
Q

definition of pulomonary oedema

A

intra alveolar fluid accumulation leading to poor gas exchange

128
Q

histology of diffuse alveolar damage

A

lung is expanded PLUM COLOURED airless

129
Q

causes of diffuse alveolar damage

A

ARDS (infection, trauma, aspiration) hyaline membrane disease in neonates insufficiant surfactant in premature babies

130
Q
A

flashcards of path guide 2018 (15 decks)

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