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Block 4 Week 1 Dani > Histo, Higi Skin > Flashcards

Histo, Higi Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integument system?

A

Skin :) that gives us a window into disease processes such as jaundice, cyanosis, measles and chicken poxes and accounts for 16% of total body weight

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2
Q

What is the function of our integumentary system?

A 
protection
sensory receptor
role in excretion
vit D metabolism
regulation of blood pressure and body temperature
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3
Q

What is the general organization of our skin?

A

epidermis-> dermis->hypodermis

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4
Q

What is the largest sensory organ in our body?

A

skin

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5
Q

What does the skin excrete?

A

ammonium

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6
Q

Is the hypodermis part of the skin? what does it have within it?

A

NO

blood vessels [hence why we use hypodermic needles ;) ]

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7
Q

Tell me what the epidermis is derived from?

A

ectoderm-> stratified squamos epithelium

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8
Q

How often is the epidermis regenerated?

A

every 30 days

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9
Q

When do keratinocytes divide?

A

at night

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10
Q

The epidermis overlies projections of the dermis (dermal papillae) forming a series of (blank)

A

epidermal ridges (fingerprints)!!!!!!!

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11
Q

How may layers are there within the epidermis?

A

5 layers

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12
Q

What make up most of the epidermis and undergo continuous turnover?

A

keratinocytes

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13
Q

WHat is the process of turnover of keratinocytes?

A

cell renewal (mitosis)
differentiation (keratinization)
cell death
exfoliation

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14
Q

Do we only have epidermal ridges on our fingertips?

A

nope, we have epidermal ridges in swirls on our fingertips and we have epidermal ridges in diamonds on our back and eyelids

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15
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from outside in?

A 
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
Basement membrane :)
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16
Q

What do you find underneath the epidermis?

A

elastic and collagen fibers with capillaries and free nerve endings

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17
Q

What is another name for the statum basale?

A

germinativum

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18
Q

What does the stratum basale rest on?

A

the basement membrane (basal=basement)

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19
Q

What do we find in the stratum basale that undergoes continual mitosis?

A

keritinocytes

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20
Q

What do the keritinocytes of the startum basal possess?

A

desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, cytokeratin

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21
Q

Keritonocytes of the stratum basal possess cytokeratin, what is interesting about these cytokeratin?

A

they increase in numbers as they approach the surface

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22
Q

What all do you find in the stratum basale of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, cytokeratin, melanocytes, Merkel’s cells

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23
Q

What is several layers thick and is filled with tonofibrils and desomosomes and has prickle cells with intercellular bridges, with keratinocytes in deep layers that are mitotically active and has melanocytes and langerhans cells?

A

startum spinosum of the epidermis

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24
Q

What are tonofibrils?

A

bundles of cytokeratin

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25
Q

what does this equal:

tonofibrils + desmosomes

A

spiny processes of the stratum spinosum

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26
Q

Where do we find prickle cells with intercelllular bridges?

A

stratum spinosum

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27
Q

Where do we find langerhan cells?

A

stratum spinosum

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28
Q

What are the stratum basal and stratum spinosum known as?

A

the malpighian layer (mitotically active layers)

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29
Q

What do we find within the stratum granulosum?

A

lamellar bodies, membrane-less keratohyalin granules, and bundles of tonofilaments (cytokeratin).

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30
Q

What does the stratum granulosum contain, that fuses with the PM and releases GAGs and phospholipids into the intercellular spaces.

A

lamellar bodies (granules)

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31
Q

What is the importance of lamellar bodies?

A

allows for sealing deep layers and water proofing.

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32
Q

Keratohyalin granules contain (blank) and (blank) rich proteins which bind the tonofilaments together to form keratin in the stratum granulosum

A

histidine, cystine

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33
Q

what is the first step in keratinization?

A

conversion of granular cells to cornified cells

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34
Q

What am I describing:
loss of organelles
thickened plasma membrane
bundle of tonofilaments

A

Keratinized cells

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35
Q

What is only seen in thick skin (palmar and plantar), has acidophilic cells and contains immature keratin called eleidin?

A

stratum lucidum

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36
Q

What is immature keratin called?

A

eleidin

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37
Q

What is the most superificial layer of the epiderm that is dead and platelike with enucleated keratinocytes containing mature keratin?

A

stratum corneum

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38
Q

What does the stratum corneum have within it?

A

keratin birefringent scleroprotein of at least 6 polypeptides and tonofilaments
and keratin

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39
Q

What is this:
accelerated keratinocyte mitosis in stratum basale and spinosum turnover (one week instead of 4 weeks); leads to thickening of epidermis

A

Psoriasis

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40
Q

What is the mneumonic so you can remember the layers of epidermis from superifical to deep

A

Cut Lab Get Some Good Beer

Corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, germanitivum, basement membrane

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41
Q

What are the 2 nonkeratinocytes in the epidermis?

A

langerhan’s cells and Merkel’s cells

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42
Q

Where do langerhan cells originate from?

A

originate in the bone marrow and are part of the MNP system

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43
Q

What do langerhan cells contain?

A

Birbeck’s granules rodlike or racket shaped

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44
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells of the epidermis?

A

langerhan cells

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45
Q

Since langerhan cells are APC wat do they have on their surface?

A

have cell surface antibody and complimnt receptors

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46
Q

Where do we mostly find langerhan cells in the epidermis?

A

mostly in the stratum spinosum

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47
Q

What kind of epithelium do we find langerhan cells in?

A

find in the oral, esophaeal, rectal and vaginal epithelium and thymus

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48
Q

What is thought to initiate allergic contact dermatitis reaction?

A

those pesky langerhan cells

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49
Q

Where do we find merkel cells and where are they derived from?

A

in the stratum basale
derived from neural crest (merkel sounds like urkle, and urkle was the nerdy guy on family matter, therefore merkel cells are nerdy “from Neural crest” hehehe)

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50
Q

What do merkel cells possses and where do we find them in the skin?

A

desmosomes, tonofilaments, sensory mechanoreceptors

Thick skin

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51
Q

When do merkel cells appear in development?

A

8-12 weeks of gestation on palmar and plantar epidermis

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52
Q

Merkel cells are associated with the (blank)

A

basal lamina

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53
Q

Describe a merkel cell

A

they sit on basal lamina and have a nerve plate with a short unmyelinated axon that pierces through basal lamina and then a long myelinated axon penetrating the dermis

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54
Q

the (blank) is a peripheral dendritic cell of the immune system and presents antigens to T cells in the dermis to initiate responses against foreign antigens.

A

langerhan cells

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55
Q

(blank) contribute to skin, eye, hair color and freckles.

A

melanins

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56
Q

What are patches of epidermal melanin?

A

freckles

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57
Q

What synthesizes melanins?

A

melanocytes

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58
Q

What are melanocytes derived from and where are they found and do they have desmosomes?

A

Neural crest (cuz nerdy people eat melons)
in stratum basale (10-25%)
no desmosomes

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59
Q

What is the site of melanin granule synthesis?

A

melanosomes

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60
Q

What is tyrosinase and where do we find it?

A

It is a UV sensitive enzyme involved in melanin synthesis

found in melanocytes

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61
Q

When do melanocytes develope?

A

8th embryonic week

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62
Q

Is there a difference in the number of melannocytes per unit are in dark and light skinned races? Why are there different colored people then?

A

NO

cuz there is different in rate of melanin synthesis, accumulation and degredation

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63
Q

What are the first cells to arrive in the epidermis?

A

melanoctyes

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64
Q

Where is the cell body of the melanocyte located and where does the cytoplasmic process extend?

A

located in stratum basale

extends to meet 36 keratinocytes forming an epidermal melanin unit

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65
Q

What does a melanocyte and 36 keratinocytes create?

A

an epidermal melanin unit

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66
Q

What is the fate of mature melanin granules?

A

mature granules move from golgi into tips of melanocytes

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67
Q

What do mature melanocytes do?

A

they inject melanin granules into keratinocytes of basale and spinosum by cytocrine secretion

68
Q

Where do we find most of our melanin?

A

in keratinocytes rather than melanocytes cuz they injected all their melanin into keratinocytes

69
Q

(blank) accumulate over the nuclei of dividing keratinocytes, protecting the DNA from damaging effects of the sun’s rays.

A

melanin granules

70
Q

How do melanin pigments die?

A

they are eventually attacked and degraded by lysosomes of the keratinocyts (over a period of several days)

71
Q

What is melanin function?

A

pigment absorbs sun rays and free radicals

72
Q

What is this:

  • vascular CT (collagen and elastic fibers)
  • derived from mesoderm
  • ateriovenous shunts for temperature regulation
A

Dermis

73
Q

What is the superficial layer of the dermis?

A

papillary layer

74
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

how to remember: dermatologists use a lot of PR

75
Q

WHat do dermal papillae do and where are they found?

A

they interdigitate with the epidermal ridges and are found in the papillary (superifical) layer of the dermis

76
Q

What all does the papillary layer of the dermis contain?

A 
contains dermal papillae
meissner's corpuscles
type III collagen
elastic fibers
type VII anchoring fibers
77
Q

What do the type VII anchoring fibers of the papillary layer do?

A

binds epidermis to dermis

78
Q

What part of the dermis has follicles, sweat and sebacous glands?

A

reticular layer

79
Q

What kind of connective tissue does the reticular layer have?

A

dense irregular CT

80
Q

What kind of fibers are found within the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

elastic fibers and bundles of collagen fibers (mostly type I)

81
Q

What kind of corpuscles are found within the reticular layer?

A

pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors) and Ruffini corpuscles (temp and press receptors)

82
Q

What is this:
not part of the skin, thickness varies with nutrition, activity and gender. Made up of loose CT and adipose, AKA subcutaneous fascia and has panniculus adiposus

A

hypodermis

83
Q

WHat kind of CT does hypodermis have?

A

loose w/ thick panniculus adiposus

84
Q

Where does the epidermis come from? where does the dermis come from?

A

ectoderm

mesoderm

85
Q

How is the thickness of the skin determined?

A

by thickness of epidermis, not overall thickness

86
Q 
Tell me about the epidermis of thick skin:
location?
stratum corneum?
stratum lucidum?
stratum granulosum?
stratum basale?
dermatoglyphics?
A 
palms and soles
thicker
present
a few layers
more merkel's cells
present (fingerprints)
87
Q 
Tell me about the epidermis of thin skin:
location?
stratum corneum?
stratum lucidum?
stratum granulosum?
stratum basale?
A 
rest of body
thinner
usually absent
single often discontinuous layer
few merkel cells
88
Q 
Tell me about the dermis of thick skin:
hair follicles?
sebacous glands?
eccriine sweat glands?
meissners corpuscles?
elastic fibers?
A 
absent
fewer
more
more
fewer
89
Q 
Tell me about the dermis of thin skin:
hair follicles?
sebacous glands?
eccriine sweat glands?
meissners corpuscles?
elastic fibers?
A 
present (excep in glans penis, labia minor, clitoris and lips)
more (ass. w/ hairs)
fewer
fewer
more
90
Q

(blan) is hairy, oily and stretchy

A

Thin skin

91
Q

(blank) is smooth, sweaty, touchy (meisners corpscles)

A

thick skin

92
Q

(blank) are formed by the epidermis and dermis together.

A

hair follicles

93
Q

(blank) is comprised of a hair shaft and a hair bulb

A

hair follicle

94
Q

Are hair follicles formed after birth?

A

NOOOOOO

but hair growth is cyclic

95
Q

What is this:
smooth muscle
- elevates the hair and causes goose bumps depressions of the skin where the muscle attaches to the dermis

A

arrector pili muscles

96
Q

So since hair has vascular component as well as a hair component what can we say about the origin of hair?

A

mesodermal (vascular component) and ectoderm (hair component)

97
Q

What causes goose bumps?

A

arrector pili muscles

98
Q

What are the three components of hair?

A

medulla, cortex,cuticle

99
Q

Are sebacous glands always associated with hair follicles?

A

no just sometimes

100
Q

The sebacous gland has a (blank) secretory mechnism and once the cell is released this is called sebum.

A

holocrine secretory mechanism

101
Q

How are eccrine sweat glands arranged?

A

into long tubes

102
Q

Where do sebacous glands empty into?

A

the neck of a hair follicle

103
Q

(blank) are embedded in dermis over entire body other than palms and soles

A

sebacous glands

104
Q

Where are sebacous glands most abundant?

A

face, forehead, and scalp

105
Q

What makes hair shine, skin supple and ACNE?

A

holocrine gland secretion

106
Q

Mature sebacous glands are present on the face by (blank) months in utero

A

6

107
Q

(blank) is a greasy deposit covering the skin of a baby at birth

A

vernix caseosa

108
Q

At birth, what glands become inactive and when do they reactivate?

A

sebacous glands

puberty

109
Q

It is thought that the increase in (blank) in both females and males at puberty leads to abundant quantities of sebum which becomes infected leading to acne.

A

androgens

110
Q

(blank) cells divide by mitosis and accumulate lipids as they move into the central part of the acinus.

A

basal

111
Q

(blank) is the oily secretion of sebacous cells. It is released by a holocrine mechanism resulting in the destruction of the entire cell which become part of the secretion

A

sebum

112
Q

(blank) regenerate sebum-producing cells lost during the holocrine secretory process.

A

basal cells

113
Q

Sebum secreting cells on top of the basal cells begin to store the oily secretion within (blank)

A

cytoplasmic droplets

114
Q

In proximity to the acinar duct, the nuclei of the sebum-secreting cells shrink and degenerated, and coalescing droplets of sebum are released into the (Blank) since the acini lack a proper lumen

A

short ducts

115
Q

(blank) are appendages of the hair folicles. Their short ducts (lined by stratified squamos epithelium continuous with the external root sheath of the hair) open into the hair canal.

A

sebacous glands

116
Q

Where do you find hair independent sebacous glands?

A

lips, areolae of the nipples, labia minora, inner surface of the prepuce

117
Q

What are these;

simple coiled tubular gland with stratifed cuboidal epithelium lined ducts that respond to heat and stress

A

Eccrine sweat glands

118
Q

What are the ducts of the eccrine sweat glands lined with?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

119
Q

What do the ducts of the eccrine sweat glands do?

A

they modify sweat by absorbing electrolytes,excretion ions, urea and lactic acid

120
Q

What is the mechanism of eccrine sweat gland secretion?

A

merocrine secretion with an unlimited distribution

121
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands respond to?

A

heat and nervous stress

122
Q

What is the purpose of eccrine sweat glands?

A

cooling/ thermoregulatory

excretion (urea, ammonia)

123
Q

When do we sweat?

A

thermoregulation

emotional sweating

124
Q

What is this:

excessive sweating

A

hyperhidrosis

125
Q

What is the treatment of hyperhydrosis?

A

antiperspirants, lontophoresis, drugs, surgery for axillary glands

126
Q

What do the dark cells (apical cells) of eccrine sweat glands secrete?

A

glycoproteins by exocytosis

127
Q

What do the basal clear cells of the eccrine sweat glands secrete?

A

water and electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi

128
Q

What are the three kinds of cells we find in the eccrine sweat glands?

A

apical dark cells
clear basal cells
myoepithelial cells

129
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

axilla, circumanal region, and in the mons pubis

130
Q

The coiled region of apocrine glands is (blank) than that of the eccrine sweat gland.

A

larger

131
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands located?

A

in dermis

132
Q

Where doe the excretory ducts of the apocrine sweat glands open into?

A

the canal of the hair follicles

133
Q

The secretory cells of the apocrine sweat gland are cuboid and associated with (blank) at their basal surface.

A

myoeptihelial cells

134
Q

When does the secretory activity of apocrine sweat glands begin?

A

at puberty

135
Q

What is the apocrine sweat gland secretion like?

A

its smelly cuz of bacteria

136
Q

How do apocrine sweat glands secrete their fluid?

A

merocrine secretions

137
Q

What is this:
include large specialized sweat glands in axilla, areola of the nipple, glands of Moll in eyelids and ceruminous (wax) glands of the ear.

A

Apocrine sweat gland

138
Q

What are vestigial scent glands?

A

a type of apocrine sweat gland

139
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands respond to?

A

hormonal influences and emotion and sensory stimuli but NOT to heat

140
Q

What is the ONLY benefit of sunlight?

A

vit D

141
Q

The effects of sun exposure are …. ?

A

cumulative

142
Q 
Cumulative average percentage of lifetime sun exposure
1-18 ?
19-40?
41- 59?
60-78?
A

23%
47%
74%
100%

143
Q

(blank) is a sign of pathological damage to the skin

A

tanning

144
Q

(blank) lose alignment, flatten, obtain nuclear inclusion with sun burns/tans.

A

keratinocytes

145
Q

tans occur because of (blank) nuclear capping trying to protect DNA from UV radiation

A

melanosomal

146
Q

During a tan/ sun burn, what do melanocytes do?

A

enlarge, increase in number and migrate to higher levels of epidermis

147
Q

How does sunburns affect the immune system of your skin?

A

it decreases lengerhan’s cells capabilites and activated T suppressor networks :(

148
Q

What are the dermal changes that sun burn/tans induce?

A

change up elastic tissue and collagen fibers, leaky vasculature, increased mast cells

149
Q

What are these:

leathery texture, wrinkling, sagging, blotchy discoloration, and actinic changes

A

components of photo aging

150
Q

What is this:

premalignant condition of thick, scaly or crusty patches of skin.

A

actininc keratosis

151
Q

What is this:

  • more common in fair-skinned people and it is associated with frequent exposed to the sun.
  • some progress to squamous cell carcinoma,
  • range in size from as small as a pinhead to over an inch across. They may be flat or raised on appearance.
  • light or dark, tan, pink, red, a combination of these, or the same color as ones skin
A

actinic keratosis

152
Q

How do most keratosis go away?

A

on their own if sun avoidance

153
Q

(blank) is the most common form of cancer in the United States. Each year there are more new cases of this cancer than the combined incidence of cancers of the breast, prostate, lung and colon

A

Skin cancer

154
Q

(blank) is the most common pre-cancer for squamos cell carcinoma

A

actinic keratosis

155
Q

Between 40 and 50 percent of americans who live to age 65 will have either (blank) or (blank) at least once

A

basal cell carcinoma or squamos cell carcinoma at least once

156
Q

What is the most common form of skin cancer and where does it come from and is it treatable?

A

basal cell carcinoma (75% of all skin cancers)
arises from stratum basale
slow growing with high cure rate w/ early DX

157
Q

(blank) have signif risk of metastatic spread especially lesions larger than 1-2 cm

A

squamos cell carcinomas

158
Q 
What is this:
- 20% of all skin cancers
- arises from stratum spinosum
- usually appears in elderly
- can grow rapidly and ulcerate
- high cure rate with early Dx
- best documentation for  risk with sun 
  exposure
A

squamous cell carcinomas

159
Q

What is this:

  • 5% of all skin cancers
  • most dangerous of three
  • usually appears as dark brown or black mole like lesions
  • any changes in mole appearance should be checked out
  • most common sites: upper back in men and legs in women
  • grows rapidly, metastasizes quickly
A

melanoma

160
Q

One person dies of melanoma every (blank) minutes

A

62

161
Q

(blank) is the most common form of cancer for young adults 25-29 years old and the second most for young people 15-29 years old.

A

melanoma

162
Q

The survival rate for patients whose melanoma is detected early, before the tumor has penetrated the skin, is about (blank) percent. The survival rate falls to (blank) percent for those with advanced disease.

A

99

15

163
Q

Melanoma accounts for less than (blank) percent of skin cancer cases, but it causes more than (blank) percent of skin cancer deaths.

A

five

75

164
Q

One or more blistering sunburns in childhoor od adolescene more than doubles a person’s chances of developing (blank). Also your chance doubles if you’ve had more than (blank) sunburns at any age.

A

melanoma

5

165
Q

What are the ABCDs of melanoma diagnosis?

A

A; assymetry
B: border irregularity
C: color-black or much darker than other moles w/ red, white or blue areas
D: diameter > 6 millimeters

166
Q

What is the single most reliable indicator of the risk of metastasis for melanoma?

A

depth!

Block 4 Week 1 Dani (10 decks)

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