Anatomy- back, vertebrae, spinal cord Flashcards
(blank) may cause compression of nerve roots or spinal cord
fractures
(blank) is the forward displacement of a vertebra, especially the fifth lumbar vertebra, most commonly occurring after a break or fracture. Backward displacement is referred to as retrolisthesis.
Spondylolisthesis
What can spondylolisthesis end up damaging?
spinal cord, roots or exiting spinal nerves :(
What can slip and end up putting pressure on exiting nerve roots?
herniating discs
What can osteophytes impinge on?
exiting spinal nerves
What are abnormal bony growths that are associated with degeneration of cartilage and may impinge on the exiting spinal nerves?
osteophytes
What are the four types of pain associated with back problems?
nerve root pain
muscular back pain (caused by guarding)
periosteal pain
meningeal pain
What causes nerve root pain?
herniated discs usually at L5,S1
What causes muscular back pain?
ANY back abnormaility typically caused by guarding
What is guarding?
when you attempt to alleviate pain by contracting alternative back muscles which eventually leads to back pain
What kind of pain is periosteal pain?
bone tenderness and local pain
What are the components to the axial skeleton?
Is the pelvis included in this?
skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
NO, the pelvis is not included!
What is the typical number of vertebrae?
33
What are the primary curvatures of the vertebral column?
the thoracic and sacral
What are the secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
cervical
lumbar
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 cervical
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 lumbar
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 thoracic
How many segments make up the sacrum?
5
How many segments make up the coccyx?
4
How many nerves are there and why is this weird?
there are 31 nerves, cuz there are 33 vertebrae!
Whats up with being a fetus and your vertebral column?
Everything is primary and you make all your nerve connections so once you grow you get secondary curves and since you just grow upward this is why your spinal cord stops short :)
What two things articulate with and support the skull to provide a pivot joint that allows for the great range of motion of the neck.
The atlas (C01) and the axis (C02)
What doesnt that atlas have the other vertebrae have?
it doesnt have a body or spinous process, it is instead a ring-like structure the has an anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses
Does the axis rotate around the atlas or visa versa?
that atlas rotates around the axis
What does the vertebral formane allow for?
the passage of the spinal cord
How do the transverse process project off of the atlas?
they are large and project downard
What does the spinous process and the transverse process function in?
muscle attachment and movement
What does the articular processes function in?
restriction of movement
What does the lamina and pedicle function in?
protection of spinal cord
What makes up the neural arch?
the penicle, the lamina, and the spinous process :) (protects the spinal cord)
What is a laminectomy?
remove the neural arch (posterior aspect) so you can get access to the spinal cord
So the superior and inferior articular processes meet with with adjacent vertebrae via what?
articular facets
What all make up the vertebral foramen for the spinal cord?
body, pedicle and lamina
(blank) is made from the inferior and superior vertebral notches. Which part the inferior or the superior notch make up the majority of this foramen?
Where are nerve roots located in the foramen?
intervertebral formen
inferior notch :)
inferior notch
This is a round eminence on the lateral aspect of the superior articular facet (for muscle attachment) of lumbar vertebrae
mammillary process
In the lumbar region, the superior facet is (blank) and the inferior facet is (blank)
medial
lateral
Describe the sacrum
it is fused with 8 anterior and posterior foramen along with a sacral hiatus
What go through the foramen of the sacrum? what goes through the sacral hiatus?
4 pais of sacral nerves
the last pair of sacral nerves and the coccygeal nerve
Does the sacral hiatus open up posteriorly or anteriorly?
posteriorly and has some nerve roots here so a good place for anesthesia
Where do dorsal rami go?
true back muscles
Describe a cervical vertebrae
has a bifid spinous process with transverse foramen (for passage of vertebral artery on its way to the brain) which articular facets pointing inferiorly and superiorly to allow for cervical movement
Describe Thoracic vertebrae
large vertebral bodies with articular facets for the ribs. Spinous processes are pointing inferiorly and the facets are pointing anteriorly and posteriorly
Describe the lumbar vertebrae
large body with massive neural arch with large square spinous process that points straight back to allow for attachment of erector spinous muscle, the superior articular facets is facing medially and the inferior articular facet is facing laterally (allows for rotation, bending, flexion and extension)
Atlas is C(blank)
Axis is C(blank)
C1
C2
Where does the dens sit and what does it do?
in the articular arch and allows for easy rotation around each other. (i.e for the atlas to spin around the axis)
What runs in the groove of the posterior arch?
vertebral artery and C1 nerve
the dens is held in position against the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas by the (blank).
(i.e how do you attach the dens to the atlas)
transverse ligament of the atlas
creates the foramen in the atlas for dens so that it can slip right into the atlas
The head spins on the (blank) and rocks on the (blank)
axis
atlas
The (blank) allows for rotation of the skull and the (blank) allows for flexion and extension of the head.
atlanto-axial joint (b/w c1 and c2)
atlanto-occipital joint (atlas and the occipital)
Does the dens allow for flexion or extensions?
no
How do you connect the atlas to the skull?
via the occiptial condyles + superior articular fovea
Name the axis for the movement:
1) flexion and extension
2) lateral bending
3) rotation
Transverse
AP
Vertical
The movement of the trunk can be allowed or restricted by many factors. What are they (4)?
1) thickness of intervertebral discs
2) orientation of articular facets
3) attachment of ribs
4) size, elasticity, orientation of muscle of back and abdominal wall
What is the most mobile region of the spine?
The cervical region
What part of the spine allows for considerable flexion and extension?
the lumbar :)
Why is the thoracic region of the spine less mobile than the cervical region?
due to ribs and thin discs
What gets bigger as you go towards the bottom end of the spine?
you get bigger vertebral bodies
Where do you get spondylolysis and what is it?
At the pars interarticularis ( in between the inferior and superior articular facets)
It is a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis (scotty dog broken neck, commonly occurs due to repeated stress to the spine)
How do you know you are looking at a lumbar vertebrae?
if the articular facets are pointing medially or laterally then you got yourself a lumbar vertebrae
What is spondylolisthesis and where does it commonly occur?
when you have spondylolysis bilaterally resulting in vertebral slipping (can crush spinal cord) L5.
What is the anterior longitudinal ligament and where do you find it?
limits extension and covers half of the anterior vertebral body and attaches to individual vertebrae
nerve root pain is usually (blank) pain.
referred
(blank) pain is usally associated with a problem with the dura because it is super innervated.
meningial pain
What is the posterior longitudinal ligament and where do you find it?
limits flexion and found on the posterior side of the spine underneath the spinous process.
(blank) limits direct posterior disc herniation, and protect the spinal cord for damage, because of this the disc will slip out laterally and impinge upon spinal nerve roots rather than the spinal cord.
the posterior longitudinal ligament
the (blank), found on the posterior side of the vertebrae is an elastic ligament that allows for stretching and snapping back from flexion and extension.
ligamentum flavum
What is a vertebral lamallea? And what lies on this?
it is the vertebral arch
ligamentum flavum
What lies within the suboccipital triangle?
C1 and vertebral artery
What holds the spinous processes together?
supraspinous liaments and intraspinous ligaments