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Block 4 Week 1 Dani > Biomechanics of Tendon Bone Cartilage and Muscle > Flashcards

Biomechanics of Tendon Bone Cartilage and Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

torque =?

A

Force x distance

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2
Q

Stress =?

A

Force/ area

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3
Q

What is this:

a condition resulting from increased pressure within a confined body space, esp. of the leg or forearm.

A

compartment syndrome

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4
Q

What are the typical loading schemes on a bone?

A

bending, torsion, compression

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5
Q

How do you test a tendon/ligaments ability to handle a load?

A

applying tension and using a strain/stress curve

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6
Q

What happens if you stretch something to the point of the plastic region?

A

you have deformation

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7
Q

What is the amount of deformation?

What is the amount of loading?

A

strain

stress

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8
Q

What is the constant slope on the stress/strain curve?

A

elastic region

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9
Q

What happens after you hit the yield point/ yield stress point?

A

you get deformation

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10
Q

Yield stress indicates (blank) changes to the specimen

A

structural

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11
Q

What am I talking about:
All this is basically saying is you can stretch something to a certain point, after that point it will change from its previous abilities and work differently from this point on. I.e be too bendy or less elasticy

A

viscoelasticity

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12
Q

What is this:

from yield point to ultimate tensile stress, with structural irreversible changes in specimen

A

plastic region

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13
Q

What is this:

mechanical properties independent of direction of stress (such as a metal sphere)

A

isotropy

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14
Q

What is this:

mechanical properties different in all directions of loading

A

anisotropy

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15
Q

What is this:

mechanical properties symmetric within two planes (long bone, axial/transverse loading)

A

orthotropy

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16
Q

In successive cycles of loading and unloading, what happens to hysteresis?
Why?

A

it dissipates causes smaller differences between loading and unloading curves (i.e cyclic loading leads to less dissapated energy)
Due to internal friction

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17
Q

How do we keep cyclic loading from causing a problem with orthopedics?

A

by using pretensioning or cycling a graft to set tension

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18
Q

What is the failing point->

A

ultimate stress

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19
Q

If you have a ductile material what will your strain/stress curve look like?

A

long slope between yield point and ultimate stress

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20
Q

If you have a brittle material what will your stain/stress curve look like?

A

yield point and ultimate stress would be very close together

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21
Q

What is fatigue strength?

A

looks at how your construct will survive over time

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22
Q

If you continually apply cycles (i.e keep bending a paper clip) eventual it will fail. What is this?

A

fatigue strength and cycles

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23
Q

If you have a stress strain curve, what is the area under the curve of yield point and ultimate stress?

A

absorbed energy before break

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24
Q

strain=?

A

deformation/length

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25
Q

what kind of fracture does torsion give you?

A

spiral fracture

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26
Q

What kind of fracture does compression give you?

A

butterfly fracture

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27
Q

What is youngs modulus?

A

ratio of stress over strain

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28
Q

What is hooke’s law?

A

force needed to compress/extend spring by some distance is proportional to that distance. That is: F=kX ,where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring, its stiffness.

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29
Q

what part of the stress/strain curve represents youngs modulus?

A

elastic region

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30
Q 
What part of the femur is this:
Trabecular bone
 force transmission
Hematopoiesis
Thin cortices
A

proximal/distal

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31
Q

What part of the femur is this:
Lamellar/cortical bone
Axial loading
bending

A

diaphyseal

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32
Q

(blank) can absorb significant energy with minimal mass.

A

trabecular bone

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33
Q

(blank) has a very high yield point (compared to trabecular bone), when this bone fails (cuz its more brittle) it fails catastrophically and thats it.

A

cortical bone (diaphysis)

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34
Q

As you continue to compress trabecular bone, the more you compress it, the more it (blank). Why does this happen?

A

resists compression. Because as its getting compressed it gets mroe dense which allows it to resist

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35
Q

Anisotropy describes what kind of bone?

A

cortical bone (meaning mechanical properties dependent on direction of loading)

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36
Q

Bone is strongest in (blank), weakest in (blank)

A

compression

tension

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37
Q

Bone resists loading (blank) rather than in a transverse mode.

A

axially (longitudinal)

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38
Q

So whats the strongest way a bone can resist force?

A

axially (longitudinal) and compressed

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39
Q

How is bone the weakest?

A

with hoop stress

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40
Q

(blank) are sensitive to strain rate and duration of applied load

A

mechanical properties

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41
Q

Bone is ductile with (blank) and brittle with (blank)

A 
slow loading (walking up stairs)
rapid loading (MVA)
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42
Q

What is creep?

A

it is applying a force for enough time that you get permanent deformation
(think like braces, you have them for a while and take them out and your teeth are straight)

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43
Q

What is cold flow?

A

the distortion of a solid under sustained pressure esp. with an accompanying inability to return to its original dimensions when the pressure is removed

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44
Q

What is stress relaxation?

A

When trying to creep you slowly need to apply less force to maintain the same amount of deformation

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45
Q

What is this:

Force necessary to maintain deformation decreases over time.

A

stress relaxation

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46
Q

What is this:

energy absorbed before ultimate failure

A

toughness

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47
Q

What is this:

ultimate strain substantially larger than yield strain

A

ductility

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48
Q

Because bone is a composite structure (mineral and non mineral component) the mineral component will (blank) but is brittle and the non mineral component does (blank)

A

resist compression

keeps cracks from propogating so adds to toughness.

49
Q

What all contributes to fracture resistance?

A

work to fracture
post yield compliance
crack propagation

50
Q

Aging and disuse respond to bone similarly which results in (blank)

A

bone resorption

51
Q

T or F?
250,000 hip fractures/year USA
500,000 vertebral fractures

A

T

52
Q

What are 2 forms of osteoporosis that occur in response to aging?

A

senile osteoporosis

postemenopausal osteoporosis

53
Q

(blank) affects males and females

reduction in cortical and trabecular bone

A

senile osteoporosis

54
Q

(blank) affects subset of females

Dis proportional loss of trabecular bone

A

postmenopausal osteoporosis

55
Q

Do females lose more trabecular or cortical bone?

A

trabecular

56
Q 
What is this:
Reduction in vertical trabecula disproportionally
Reduction in thickness of trabeculae
Increase in length of trabeculae
“Triple Jeopardy”
A

response to aging

57
Q

As you lose density, the modulus is reduced in a (blank) to (blank) ratio. So if you lose density it causes a LOT more loss in strength. AND as we get older we lose density :(

A

2 to 1

slope = 2

58
Q

What is bones response to aging?

A

density
cortical thickness
diameter

59
Q

In response to aging what happens to the following:
axial strength?
bending strength?
femoral shaft fractures?

A

same
increases (w/ diaphyseal expansion)
DOES NOT increase!

60
Q

As your didasphyial bone expands, you maintain axial strength, but you get much greater movement of inertia which makes the bone stronger and more resistant to bending. This is why we see a lot more (blank) fractures in the elderly because as you get older your diasphyeal gets stronger

A

trabecular fractures

61
Q

(blank) of the hip occur in single leg weight bearing as well as stair ascent

A

Spontaneous fractures

62
Q

Single leg stance= (blank) times body weight 1600N
Stair ascent (blank) times body weight(4266)
Impact force with fall (blank) newtons

A

3
7-8
5-1500

63
Q

Bone is strongest in (blank), weakest in (blank)

A

compression

tension

64
Q

Bone volume increases with (blank) and decreases with (blanK)

A

use

disuse

65
Q

With aging, what happens to trabeculae ?

A

become fewer, longer, less vertical

66
Q

With aging what happens to diaphyseal bones?

A

they enlarge and increase bending resistance

67
Q

What is the difference between the structure of a ligament and a tendon?

A

LIGAMENTS have a lower percentage of collagen BUT have more TYPE 3 collagen!
higher percentage of ground substance
less longitudinal organization of collagen

68
Q

(blank) a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

A

tendon

69
Q

(blank) a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

A

ligament

70
Q

(blank) human tendon 1,200-1800 MPa
(blank) human tendons 50-105 MPa
(blank) 9-35%

A

Elastic modulus
Ultimate tensile strength
Ultimate strain

71
Q

What is the toe region of a tendon?

A

the uncrimping collagen fibers (they are wavy and straighten out with applied stress)

72
Q

What are the regions of a stress strain curve of a tendon?

A

toe region, linear region, failure region

73
Q

The slope of this region give you elastic modulus of tendon.

A

elastic region

74
Q

When you have permanent stretching of the tendon you have what region?

A

failure region

75
Q

What is a tendon dependent on (behaviorly?

A

rate, time, history dependent

76
Q

What is this:

Time dependent elongation of tissue subject to constant force

A

creep

77
Q

What is this:

time dependent decrease in load when deformation is held constant.

A

stress relaxation

78
Q

First few cycles of loading and unloading create larger (blank).
With repetitive loading (blank) becomes minimal

A

hysteresis

hysteresis

79
Q

What are the five zones of tendon insertion into bone.

What are the points of the zone?

A 
Zone 1: parallel collagen fibers
Zone 2: unmineralized fibrocartilage
Zone 3: mineralized fibrocartilage
Zone 4: cortical bone
to transmit diff signals
80
Q

(blank) strength increases to maturity than is rather constant

A

tendon

81
Q

Where do adults get ligament failure?

A

mid substance (kids wont get this)

82
Q

When you get old, what happens to your ligaments?

A

they get weaker

83
Q

What happens with disuse of ligaments (i.e. to ligament substance and ligament bone interface)?

A

you get reduction in stength, even after rehab!!

84
Q

WHat recovers first after disuse, the tendon or tendon/bone interface.

A

tendon

85
Q

Corticosteroid are (blank) and (blank) dependent

A

time and dose

86
Q

How long does it take for a change in strength to occur with steroid use?

A

6 wks

87
Q

HOw long does it take for a change in failure load with steroids?

A

15 wks

88
Q

Does a single does of steroids elicit a change?

A

no

89
Q

What does estrogen due to ligaments and tendons?

A

reduces collagen production

In pregnancy, reduces pubic symphysis laxity

90
Q

What is a bone fracture which occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma?

A

avulsion fracture

91
Q

In diabetes what happens to your bone and tendons?

A

tendons can be normal, usually get a avulsion fracture

92
Q

What does dialysis do to your tendons and ligaments?

A

weakens tendons-> leads to tendon rupture and hyperlaxity of ligaments

93
Q

Are autografts effective?

A

yup

94
Q

Tendon and ligaments are (blank)

A

viscoelastic

95
Q

In vivo, (blank) rate is far below ultimate failure load

A

strain

96
Q

Tendons and ligaments have severe negative (blank) effects with immobilization.

A

mechanical

97
Q

Increase in mechanical strength with activity is (blank)

A

non linear

98
Q

Reconstructed tendons/ligaments grafts (blank) reach native strength. Bone soft tissue interface remains weak link.

A

do not

99
Q

What is this:

muscle shortens against a constant load, muscle tension remains constant.

A

isotonic

100
Q

What is this:

muscle contracts at constant velocity.

A

isokinetic

101
Q

What is this:

muscle length remains static as tension is generated.

A

isometric

102
Q

What is this:

muscle contracture with decreasing muscle length.

A

concentric

103
Q

What is this:

muscular contraction with increase in resting length. Resisting load is greater than muscle contraction force.

A

eccentric

104
Q

What do you use eccentric excercises for?

A

treatment of tendinopathy

105
Q

What are the three types of muscle training?

A

motor learning
endurance training
resistance training

106
Q

What kind of muscle training is this:

increased oxidative capacity of Type I fibers

A

endurance trainin

107
Q

What kind of muscle training is this:

increased cross sectional area type II fibers

A

resistance training

108
Q

If you have immobilization of muscle what happens to the muscle fibers?

A

they get small

109
Q

What kind of cartilage does this:

subject to high compressive loads applied statistically, cyclically, and repetitively over many years

A

articular cartilage

110
Q

(blank) is a soft material that is fatigue resistant and tough, made up of water and is biphasic (allows it to transmit force without causing injury)

A

cartilage

111
Q

What are the two phases of cartilage?

A

solid phase

fluid phase

112
Q

There are three layers of cartilage, what are they and what is there fiber orientation?

A

superficial-> tangential fiber orientation
middle-> mixed
deep-> radial fiber orientation

113
Q

The rate of (blank) is governed by rate fluid may be forced out of tissue

A

biphasic creep

114
Q

What is this:

As you load the joint, the water becomes squished and a deformation and creep occurs which bares most of the weight.

A

biphasic creep

115
Q

What is biphasic creep dependent on?

A

permeability of tissue and stiffness of porous material

116
Q

What is this:
governed by rate fluid may be forced out of tissue
Dependent on permeability of tissue and stiffness of porous materiel
Primary mechanism 20/1 ratio

A

flow dependent rate of biphasic creep

117
Q

What is this:

derived by friction of long chains molecules within the material

A

flow independent biphasic creep

118
Q

Coefficient of friction inhuman joints is (blank to blank)

A

0.002 to 0.004

119
Q

(blank) deal with load in a biphasic manner and utilizes primarily flow dependent creep

A

cartilage

Block 4 Week 1 Dani (10 decks)

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