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Block 4 Week 1 Dani > Histo Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Histo Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

1) provides shape and flexibility
2) shock absorber
3) facilitates smooth movements of joints

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2
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

CT,cells, ground substance, and fibers

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3
Q

What is cartilage typically surrounded by?

A

perichondrium

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4
Q

What doesnt cartilage contain that most other CT does have?

A

doesnt have blood vessels or nerves

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5
Q

How does cartilage get its nourishment?

A

via diffusion of gases and nutrients through ECM

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6
Q

Is cartilage prevalent in adults?

A

nope

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7
Q

Can cartilage grow rapidly?

Why is it important in the developing human?

A

yes :)

Bones of the skeleton are preceded by a temporary cartilage “model”

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8
Q

(blank) is also formed very early during the repair of bone fractures

A

cartilage

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9
Q

What sucks about adult cartilage?

A

it has poor access to nutrients which results in decreased water content and small cavities in matrix which leads to calcification and further compromised nutrition.

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10
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

cells of cartilage

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11
Q

What is awesome about the lack of fanciness of cartilage?

A

it can be used in transplants without worry of antibodies or rejection

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12
Q

Are chondrocytes excellent at keeping pace with repair requirements after acute damage to hyaline or articular cartilage?

A

No, instead CT of fibrous cartilage picks up the slack and fills in the defect

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13
Q

What does articular cartilage (subset of hyaline cartilage) do?

A

facilitates movement at the ends of long bones

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14
Q

Whats cute about cartilages abilities?

A

it keeps our noses and ears warm :)))))

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15
Q

What kind of cartilage is important in utero because it is important for creating the models for all of our long bones?

A

hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

What is hyaline cartilage useful for?

A

resisting compression due to its super hydration

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17
Q

Does hyaline cartilage have a perichondrium?

A

Yes, except for in articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

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18
Q

Where do we find elastic cartilage?

A

in things that bounce (ear, larynx, nose)

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19
Q

What is the most cellular cartilage?

A

elastic

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20
Q

Does elastic cartilage have a periochondrium? Does it undergo calcification?

A

yes

NO

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21
Q

What is fibrocartilage good for?

A

resists deformation under stress

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22
Q

What is significant about fibrocartilage?

A

it contains type I cartilage!!!!!

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23
Q

What type of cartilage is found here:
fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal plates, articular surface of synovial joints, costal cartilages of the rib cage, cartilages of the nasal cavity, larynx, rings of trachea and plates in the bronchi?

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

What type of cartilage is found here:
intervertebral disks, pubis symphysis, articular disks, menisci, triangular fibrocartilage complex, instertion of tendons

A

fibrocartilage

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25
Q

What type of cartilage is found here:

pinna of external ear, external acoustic meatus, auditory tube, cartilages of larynx

A

Elastic cartilage

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26
Q

What type of cartilage functions to provide flexible support?

A

elastic cartilage

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27
Q

What type of cartilage functions in resisting deformation under stress?

A

fibrocartilage

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28
Q

What type of cartilage functions in resistin compression, providing cushioning, creates smooth and low friction surface for joints, structural support in respiratory system, forms foundation of development of fetal skeleton and further endochondral bone formation and bone growth?

A

hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

What type of cartilage does NOT have periochondrium?

A

fibrocartilage

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30
Q

What type of cartilage does NOT undero calcification?

A

elastic cartilage

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31
Q

What type of cartilage does not have both chondroblasts and chondrocytes?

A

fibrocartilage, it has chondrocytes and FIBROBLASTS (the other cartilages have just chondrocytes and chondroblasts)

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of the ECM of hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II collagen fibers

aggrecan

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of the ECM of elastic cartilage?

A

Type II collagen fibers and elastic fibers, aggrecan

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34
Q

What are the characteristics of the ECM of fibrocartilage?

A

type II and type I collagen fibers, versican, proteoglycan secreted by fibroblasts

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35
Q

(blank) is highly hydrated.

A

hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

Are the components of the hyaline matrix evenly distributed?

A

no

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37
Q

How do you know you are looking at cartilage or bone?

A

you will see cells in holes

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38
Q

In hyaline cartilage there are darker areas around chondrocytes, what are they?
What are the light spots?

A

territorial matrixes

interterritorial matrixes

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39
Q

In hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes will be grouped into (blank) groups which represent mitosis of these chondroblasts.

A

isogenous groups

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40
Q

What makes up the perichondrium?

A

an outter fibrous layer and an inner chondrogenic layer (made up of chondroblasts and chondroenic progenitor cells)

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41
Q

What is interstitial growth of cartilae?

A

the ability of chondroblasts to divide inside the cartilage and have the inside grow (made from isogenous group)

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42
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

growth on the outside of cartilage via chondroblasts

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43
Q

So what are the two ways cartilage can grow?

A

interstitially and apositionally

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44
Q

What is articular cartilage and what does it do?

A

it is a type of hyaline cartilage that transforms ends of bone into lubricated, wear proof and compressible surfaces that reduce friction

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45
Q

Does articular cartilage have a perichondrium or vascularization?

A

no

no

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46
Q

What are the zones that articular cartilage are divided into?

A

Outside towards bone

tangential layer-> transitional layer-> radial layer-> calcified cartilage

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47
Q

Describe the tangential layer of the articular cartilage

A

tangential layer-> small, flattened chondrocytes, superifical layer devoid of cells (lamina splendens).
very fine collagen fibers in matrix that run parallel to surface of cartilage.

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48
Q

Describe the transitional zone of the articular cartilage

A

large and round chondrocytes that occur singly and in isogenous groups. Collagen fibers take an oblique course through matrix of transitional zone

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49
Q

Describe the radial zone of the articular cartilae

A

fairly large chondrocytes form radial columns oriented perpendicular to the articulating surface, collagen fibers follow the course of the chondrocyte columns

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50
Q

Describe the calcified cartilage layer

A

it rests on the underlying cortex of the bone and stain darker than the matrix of the others

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51
Q

The important thing to take home is that bone and cartilage are (blank)

A

dynamic

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52
Q

In articular cartilage, any fibers that we find in the (blank) will run parallel to the surface. if we come down to the (blank) we will see that the cells as well as the fibers will run obliquely. The (blank) will have perpendicular columns of cells and fibers that reinforces (i.e for strength) the pounding that the articular surface is going to take.

A

tangential layer
transitional zone
radial layer

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53
Q

What will we see if we are looking at an H&E of elastic cartilage?

A

lots of cells, elastic fibers and occasionally some type II collagen fibers if they arents covered by the elastic fibers

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54
Q

Chondrocytes in (blank) retain a fairly high mitotic rate throughout life and this type of cartilage does not calcify

A

elastic cartilage

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55
Q

What is this:

a form of connective tissue transition between dense CT and hyaline cartilage.

A

fibrocartilage

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56
Q

Tell me about fibrocartilage

A

no perichondrium
parallel columns of chondrocytes
collagen type I

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57
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc is made up of fibrocartilage?

A

the anulus fibrosis

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58
Q

Where does all cartilage come from?

A

mesenchymal cells

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59
Q

What give rise to cartilage proper?

A

chondroblasts

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60
Q

What gives rise to the perichondrium (dense irregular CT)?

A

fibroblasts

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61
Q

What are the two types of growth that cartilage undergoes?

A

appositional growth

interstitial growth

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62
Q

What kind of growth is this:
Chondrogenic cells from inner layer of perichondrium become chondroblasts
In newly forming cartilage, the growth is mainly this.

A

appositional

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63
Q

In older cartilage what is growth mainly?

A

interstitial due to lack of chondrogenic cells

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64
Q

What is this:
Only growth that occurs in articular and fibrocartilage because both lack a perichondrium
Important for the growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate.

A

interstitial growth

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65
Q

T or F

Cartilage has a very high ability for repair

A

F

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66
Q

Explain the histogenesis of hyaline cartilage

A

mesenchyme is precursor tissue-> mitotic proliferation-> chondroblasts separated by matrix formation-> multiplication of cartilage cell-> isogenous groups-> surrounded by territorial (capsular) matrix

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67
Q

(blank)is one of the hardest substances of the body, is the primary structural framework for support and protection of the organs of the body including the brain and spinal cord.

A

bone

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68
Q

What are the functions of the bone?

A 
protection of internal organs
support and movement
hemopoiesis (red marrow)
energy storage (yellow marrow-fat)
mineral reservoir (99% body calcium)
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69
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

ECM w/ organic and inorganic components and cells :)

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70
Q

What are the organic components of the ECM of bone?

A

(35% of bone matrix)

made by osteoblasts, type 1 collagen, proteoglycans (aggrecan), glycoproteins (osteocalcin, osteopontin,osteonectin)

71
Q

What are the inorganic components of the ECM of bone?

A 
(65%of bone matrix)
hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium and phosphorus)
72
Q

What happens to adults red marrow? When can this change?

A

it converts to yellow marrow to store fat

In cases of anemia or hemmorage (yellow can convert to red)

73
Q

What are the cells of bone (5)?

A 
osteoprogenitor
osteoblasts
osteocytes
bone lining cells
osteoclasts
74
Q

(blank) cells are derived from mesenchymal cells

A

osteoprogenitor

75
Q

(blank) develop from osteoprogenitor cells that line the inner periosteum, the endosteum, and lining the haversian canal. These synthesize the organic components of bone matrix; some gradually become surrounded by matrix and become osteocytes

A

osteoblasts

76
Q

(blank) lie in a lacuna within the matrix; involved in exchange of nutrients and waste with blood via canaliculi.

A

osteocytes

77
Q

(blank) are cells that remain on the bone surface when there is no active growth

A

bone lining cells

78
Q

(blank) are derived from bone marrow precursor. They secrete enzymes and biochemically concentrate H+ ions to dissolve bone and calcium salt crystals thereby releasing minerals into blood.

A

osteoclasts

79
Q

Do osteoclasts come from mesenchyme?

A

no they come from macrophage precursors (CFU-GM)

80
Q

Describe the creation of bone cells.

A

mesenchymal cells-> osteoprogenitor cells (primordial germ cells)-> make all cells (cept for osteoclasts)-> osteoblasts-> osteocytes-> bone lining cells (periosteal cells).

81
Q

Where will you find osteoblasts?

A

in periosteum and endosteium and canal.

82
Q

The (blank) synthesizes all the organic components of the bone matrix and when they get surrounded by the bone matrix they become osteocytes

A

osteoblasts

83
Q

how do osteocytic processes communicate?

A

via gap junctions and will form cannuliculi.

84
Q

What do the cannuliculi of bone allow for?

A

exchange of nutrients and ridding of waste

85
Q

Do bone lining cells add to interstital growth or appositional growth?

A

appositional growth

86
Q

Where do the precursors of osteoclasts originate?

What do osteoclasts have on them?

A

in the bone marrow

receptors for hormones (including calcitonin)

87
Q

What are large, motile, and multinucleated cells that contain up to 50 nuclei and have an acidophillic cytoplasm?

A

osteoclasts

88
Q

osteoclasts occupy shallow depression called (blank)

A

howships lacunae (that identify regions of bone resorption)

89
Q

What does PTH do?

A

targets osteoblats-> release osteoclast stimulating factor-> increases osteoclast activity-> increases calcium levels and breakdown of collagen via collagenase.

90
Q

(blank) cells secrete calcitonin inhibiting resorption by osteoclasts.

A

parafollicular cells

91
Q

Osteoclasts have a bone marrow precursor in common with (blank)

A

monocytes

92
Q

Osteoclasts occupy shallow depressions called (blank). What do these identify?

A

howships lacunae

regions of bone resoprtion

93
Q

How do you get bone resorption via osteoclasts?

A

osteoclasts meet up with bone, release lysosomal enzymes and hydrogen ions into microenvironment, takes out the calcium and phosphate from bone matrix and put into osteoclast cytoplasm and then transferred to blood

94
Q

Where do we get collagenase?

A

from the amazing osteoblasts! They knew from the very beginning that one day their amazing creation of bone would have to go so they laid down collagenase in there!

95
Q

Describe layers of bone, outside to in

A

periosteum-> compact bone-> endosteum-> spongy bone

96
Q

What is this:

Bone is covered on its external surface (except at synovial articulations) with this.

A

periosteum

97
Q

What does the periosteum consist of?

A

outer layer of dense fibrous CT and inner cellular layer containing osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) cells and periosteal cells

98
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

The lining of the central cavity of the bone

99
Q

What is the endosteum made up of?

A

a specialized thin CT composed of a monolayer of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblast, and endosteal cells

100
Q

Following injury, cells in the layers of the periosteum and endosteum do what?

A

they differentiate into osteoblasts to repair damaged bone

101
Q

What are concentric lamallae?

A

they are the circlar rings of the osteon

102
Q

What is an osteon?

A

they are numerous circular rings of osteocytes with a haversion canal in the center

103
Q

Where will you see compact bone?

A

diaphysis of long bones

outer bone table of flat bones

104
Q

What is this:

concentrically arranged lamella of bone surrounds canal containing capillaries

A

Haversion system or osteon

105
Q

What are lacunae?

A

they are the little spaceships that the osteocytes sit in and hold hands with the other space ships via canaliculi

106
Q

How do the osteocytic processes hold hands?

A

via canaliculi

107
Q

What are the volkmann’s canal?

A

they are horizontal channels containing blood vessels from bone marrow and periosteum

108
Q

What do the volkmanns canals do?

A

provide blood and interconnect haversian canals

109
Q

What are the different kinds of lamallae?

A

1) inner, outer circumferential

2) interstitial

110
Q

So what are all the things that a compact bone has?

A

osteon
volkmanns canal
lamallae (circumferential, interstitial)
periosteum, endosteum

111
Q

What is special about the collagen fibers in lamellae?

A

they are oriented in different directions in each osteon to provide strength to compact bone

112
Q

Cancellous, spongy or trabeculated bone is found within……?

A

long, short, flat, irregular bones
AND
in bone marrow of diaphysis epiphysis

113
Q

What does cancellous, spongy or trabeculated bone have within it?

A

lamellae BUT NO OSTEONS!!!!

114
Q

Tell me about Lamella?

A

there is an outter circumferential lamella that runs around the bone
There is an inner circumferential lamella that runs around the whole marrow cavity
There is an interstitial lamella that are between the osteons/haversions system

115
Q

What do interstital lamella tell us?

A

that bone remodeling has occured

116
Q

What are the processes of bone formation?

A

intramembranous bone formation and endochondral

117
Q

What is intramembranous bone formation?

A

osteoblasts make bone in flat bones (direct mineralization)

118
Q

What is endochondral bone formation?

A

deposition of bone matrix on a preexisting cartilage matrix

i.e. within cartilage

119
Q

What is mature intramembranous bone?

A

spongy bone/trabecular bone

120
Q

Most flat bones are formed by (blank)

A

intramembranous bone formation

121
Q

What exactly is intramembranous bone formation?

A

it is the process of making bone from vascularized mesenchymal tissue that are a series of connected cells (long processes)

122
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into (blank) that secrete bone matrix.

A

osteoblasts

123
Q

What is the structure of the bone matrix that osteoblasts create?

A

network of spicules and trabeculae with randomly oriented collagen fibers which make an osteoid

124
Q

Explain briefly the creation of osteocytes.

A

mesenchyme-> osteoblasts-> osteoid and bone matrix-> solidification and creation of osteocytes

125
Q

What quickly follows osteoid formation?

A

calcification, which traps osteoblasts and makes them become osteocytes

126
Q

During the development of bone formation is there a time that the cells are not connected?

A

no, they are always connected even when they are fully mature

127
Q

osteocytes retain their contacts which establishes a system of ….?

A

canaliculi

128
Q

How does bone formation continue?

A

mitosis of mesenchyme makes osteoprogenitor cells which make osteoblasts

129
Q

How do we make compact bone?

A

mesenchymal cells form periosteum and endosteum

130
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum and endosteum form?

A

the outer and inner plates of compact bone

131
Q

What covers trabeculi of spongy bone?

A

endosteum

132
Q

What is found in the endosteum?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and endosteal cells

133
Q

Most of the long and short bones of the body develop by (blank)

A

endochondral bone formation

134
Q

Bone is made from components of (blank)

A

cartilage

135
Q

As soon as we vascularize long bone, the (blank) cells are released and thus we get bone formation.

A

osteoprogenitor

136
Q

Bone formation depends on (blank)

A

hyaline cartilage model

137
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage model>

A

it is the use of cartilages products to make bone

138
Q

Explain how we get perichondtrium and osteoblasts in endochondral bone formation

A

you start with hyaline cartilage-> vascularization at diaphysis->chondrogenic cells become osteoprogenitor cells-> osteoblasts-> periochondrium becomes periosteum

139
Q

What secretes bone matrix and allows for the formation of the subperiosteal bone collar by intramembranous bone formation?

A

osteoblasts

140
Q

The (blank) within the core of the cartilage model die resulting in future marrow cavity

A

hypertrophied chondrocytes

141
Q

Holes etched in the bone collar by osteoclasts permit a (blank) to enter the concavities within the cartilage model.

A

periosteal bud (osteogenic bud)

142
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells divide to form (blank), producing bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage.

A

osteoblasts

143
Q

(blank) becomes thicker and grows in each direction from the midriff of the diaphysis toward the epiphyses.

A

subperiosteal bone

144
Q

How do we get an enlarged marrow cavity?

A

osteoclasts baby

145
Q

Where do primary ossification centers appear?

where do secondary ossification centers appear?

A

in the diaphysis

in the epiphysis

146
Q

How do you get bones to grow in length?

A

interstitial growth of cartilage

147
Q

How do you make bones grow in girth?

A

by appositional growth at the periosteum

148
Q

New cartilage is formed on the epiphyseal side of the plate at the the same (blank) that new bone is formed on the diaphyseal side of the plate.
So what does this tell us?

A

rate

tells us that eiphyseal plate remains the same thickness, but the length of the diaphysis increases

149
Q

What are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate?

A 
resting zone
proliferative zone
hypertrophic cartilage zone
calcified cartilage zone
ossification zone
150
Q

Chondrocytes become chondroblasts and undergo proliferation in the (blank)

A

proliferative zone

yeah, its weird that chondrocytes become chondroblasts

151
Q

Describe the journey of a lowly chondrocyte

A

hangs out and gets its rest in the resting zone, then undergoes mitosis in the proliferation zone,undergoes hypetrophy in hypertrophic zone, undergoes calcification -> hits the ossification zone -> BOne

152
Q

Is there appositional growht at the epiphyseal plate?

A

no

153
Q

What is this: Fracture breaks blood vessels of bone and periosteum and endosteum causing bleeding and formation of a clot.

A

Hematoma Formation

154
Q

What is this: soft, fibrous tissue produced as a hematoma is infilitrated by blood capillaries and fibroblasts.

A

granulation tissue

155
Q

What infiltrates granulation tissue?

Where do they come from?

A

Macrophages (eat the blood clot), osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells
Periosteal and endosteal sides of the fracture

156
Q

How long does it take for osteogneic cells to build up numbers?

A

48 hours

157
Q

Describe healing of bone after a fracture

A

1) hematoma formation (blood clot)
2) Formation of granulation tissue (osteoclast, macrophages, osteogenic cells and increase blood flow)
3) Soft callus formation-> fibroblasts placing collagen
hard callus formation->
4) osteogenic cells turn into osteoblasts and form bony collar around callus (like a hard splint, takes 4-6 weeks)
5) Remodeling

158
Q

Fibroblasts deposit collagen in granulation tissue, while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of fibrocartilage called (blank)

A

soft callus tissue.

159
Q

Osteogenic cells build and differentiate into osteoblasts that produce a (blank).

A

bony collar

160
Q

The (blank) that acts as a temporary splint- cements to the dead bone around injury (takes 4 to 6 weeks). Need for immobilization during this period.

A

hard callus

161
Q

The hard callus persists for (blank) as osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of bone. (blank) bridge the gap between the broken ends with spongy bone. This is subsequently remodeled into (blank). Usually leaves a thickening of the bone. In adults 80% strength at 3 months

A

3 to 4 months
osteoblasts
compact lamellar bone

162
Q

(blank) is produced when osteoblasts produce osteoid rapidly which occurs initially in all fetal bones (but is later replaced by resilient lamellar bone).

A

woven bone

163
Q

So what happens to your fetal bones initially?

A

you make woven bone via rapid osteoid formation

164
Q

When do adults get woven bones?

A

after fractures or in pagets disease

165
Q

Describe the structural of woven bone.

A

weak with small amount of collagen fibers that forms quickly

166
Q

(blank) is an articular cartilage repair surgical technique that works by creating tiny fractures in the underlying bone. This causes new cartilage to develop from a so-called super-clot.

A

Microfracture surgery

167
Q

Human bone mass peaks between ages ….?

A

20-30

168
Q

What has happening at age 20-30 with your bones?

A

cancellous/spongy bone is turning over at a higher rate than cortical bone. (after this age you have decline in bone mass for both sexes)

169
Q

What is the most common metaobolic disease of the bone?

A

osteoporosis

170
Q

What is this:

a disease in which bone volume is DECREASED but the bone that is present is NORMALLY calcified?

A

osteoporosis

171
Q 
What can this cause:
lots of glucocorticoids
drop of estrogen
hyperthyroidism
hyperparathyroidism
A

osteoporosis

172
Q

HOw do postemenopausal women get osteoporosis?

A

loss of estrogen-> increased osteoblasts-> increased bone loss

173
Q

What are the first clinical signs of osteoporosis?

A

kyphosis (vertebral fractures), wrist and hip fractures.

174
Q

What has very high concentrations of cancellous bone and thus are among the first bones to show signs of thinning and fracture?

A

vertebrae and epiphysis of the femur

Block 4 Week 1 Dani (10 decks)

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