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Block 4 Week 1 Dani > Chemical Senses - von Bartheld > Flashcards

Chemical Senses - von Bartheld Flashcards

1
Q

Are olfactory nerve fibers myelinated?

A

NO

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2
Q

Facial fractures can shear the olfactory nerves causing what?

A

Loss of smell

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3
Q

Is the olfactory nerve long or short?

A

Short; they are the actual sensory cells that pierce the cribiform plate that then synapse at the olfactory bulb

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4
Q

Is the olfactory tract long or short?

A

Long; olfactory tract goes back from the olfactory bulb to the cortex

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5
Q

In head trauma, what chemical difference between CSF and snot would help you differentiate between a CSF leak and a runny nose?

A

CSF has a high glucose concentration

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6
Q

Are olfactory cilia motile?

A

Noooope

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7
Q

What is the main function of nasal mucus?

A

Protective

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8
Q

what protein does mucus contain that protects against bacteria?

A

Immunoglobulins

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9
Q

Basal cells in the nasal mucosa have what function?

A

They are stem cells that regenerate the receptor cells

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10
Q

what is the lifespan of a receptor cell?

A

two weeks

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11
Q

Does each receptor cell have its own axon? How does this impact receptor cell turnover?

A

Yes; axons must also be regenerated and sent back up through the cribiform plate to synapse at the olfactory bulb

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12
Q

Bowman’s glands produce what substance?

A

mucus

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13
Q

Nasal supporting cells (sustentacular cells) have what function? What neural cell type are they analagous to?

A

They provide metabolic and physical support for the receptor cells. They are analgous to glial cells

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14
Q

Where are the odorant receptors located on the receptor cells?

A

On the cilia only, NOT on the body!

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15
Q

What percent of all mammalian genes are devoted to odorant receptors?

A

3-5%

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16
Q

is the amino acid sequence of odorant receptors highly conserved?

A

No, it is highly variable to allow bidning of multiple odorants to a single receptor

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17
Q

odorant molecules receptors are ion channles or GPCRs?

A

GPCRs

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18
Q

Activation of odorant GPCRs opens what ion chanel?

A

Na/Ca antiporters

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19
Q

Does each receptor cell have all odorant receptors?

A

No, a receptor cell has only 1-3 receptor types

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20
Q

A combination of (blank) number of receptor subunits makes all of the receptors for all odorants

A

4

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21
Q

Olfactory glomeruli are made of what types of cells?

A

Neurons!

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22
Q

The apical dendrites of (blank) cells are also in the olfactory glomeruli

A

mitral cells

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23
Q

One glomerulus is specialized for how many odors?

A

1-3

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24
Q

External plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb contains what? (3)

A
  1. lateral dendrites of mitral cells
  2. cell bodies and lateral dendrites of tufted cells
  3. dendrites of granule cells
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25
Q

the granule layer of the olfactory bulb contains what? (1)

A

cell bodies of granule cells

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26
Q

What are the interneurons of the olfactory bulb? What cell types do they connect?

A

Periglomerular cells; they connect mitral cells at the receptor-mitral junction

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27
Q

Where do granule cells connect mitral cells?

A

Near the cell body

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28
Q

Olfactory (blank) form the glomeruli in the bulb

A

filae

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29
Q

Glomeruli are the sites where filae synapse on dendrites from (blank) cells and tufted cells

A

mitral

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30
Q

Mitral and tufted cells poject into what brain structure?

A

olfactory cortex

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31
Q

What is the name of the olfactory cortex? What topographic brain structure contains it?

A

The pyriform cortex within the uncus

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32
Q

Does olfaction pass through the thalamus first?

A

NO, straight to the mothafuckin’ cortex

33
Q

What gyrus is involved in olfaction?

A

Cingulate gyrus

34
Q

What are the four targets of the olfactory bulb?

A
  1. Pyriform cortex
  2. Olfactory tubercle
  3. Amygdala
  4. Entorhinal cortex
35
Q

the pyriform cortex projects its fibers where?

A

to the orbitofrontal cortex

36
Q

The Entorhinal cortex projects its fibers where? what process does this link olfaction to?

A

To the hippocampus; links smells to memories!

37
Q

Is the thalamus involved at all in olfaction?

A

Yes, it synapses after the cortex

38
Q

Does your smell decline with age?

A

yes

39
Q

Kallman’s syndrome is a type of :

A

anosmia (loss of smell)

40
Q

What are some causes of anosmia or hyposmia?

A

Viral/sinus infection, head trauma, old age, smoking, halluncinations (new smells), pregnancy

41
Q

Alzheimer’s, parkinson’s and schizophrenia all show what interesting feature with regard to smell?

A

Pt’s can all have olfactory hallucinations!

42
Q

What three crainal nerves mediate taste?

A

7, 9, 10

43
Q

Where does CN 7 go with taste information?

A

to the solitary tract/nucleus solitarius

44
Q

what sense is the lateral geniculate nucleus involved in?

A

vision

45
Q

What sense is the medial geniculate nucleus involved in?

A

audition

46
Q

To what nucleus in the thalamus do taste fibers go?

A

VPM

47
Q

Do 7, 9, and 10 all go the nucleus solitarius?

A

Yes!

48
Q

CN 7 gives taste to what part of the mouth?

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue ;)

49
Q

Cn 9 gives taste to what part of the mouth?

A

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

50
Q

CN X gives taste to what part of the mouth?

A

epi-fuckin-glottis

51
Q

From the VPM of the thalamus, where do taste fibers go?

A

To the insula and frontal cortex

52
Q

Do taste fibers go the amydala or hypothalamus via the insula and frontal cortex?

A

Amygdala

53
Q

With regard to the somatotopic map of the cortex, would taste be more medial or lateral?

A

lateral, in the section for tongue

54
Q

Sweet/umami taste is found primarily where on the tongue

A

just the tip ;)

55
Q

Circumvallate papillae are innervated by what CN?

A

9

56
Q

fungiform papillae are innervated by what cranial nerve?

A

7

57
Q

anterior foliate papillae are innervated by what cranial nerve?

A

5

58
Q

posterior foliate papillae are innervated by what cranial nerve?

A

9

59
Q

Sour taste is found where?

A

sides of the tongue

60
Q

Bitter taste is found where?

A

back of the tongue, think about taking gross cough syrup, the flavor always gets stuck back there

61
Q

salty flavors are found where?

A

sides of tongue

62
Q

Each taste bud contains (blank) number of taste cells

A

50-150

63
Q

Taste sensory cells are replaced how often

A

every two weeks

64
Q

whhat structure from the taste cell extends into the taste pore?

A

microvilli

65
Q

do these receptor cells have their own axon?

A

NO; they synapse onto AFFERENT axons that travel on either the facial or glossalpharyngeal or vagal ganglion cells processes

66
Q

what are the neurotransmitters used in taste transduction?

A

Serotonina and ATP

67
Q

sour taste uses what kind of receptor?

A

ion channel

68
Q

Sweet, bitter, and umami use what kind of receptor?

A

GPCRs

69
Q

What will happen after activation of any type of taste receptor?

A

Influx of Ca and then depolarization

70
Q

At the (basal/apical) side the influx of calcium will lead to the (fusion/exocytosis) of the synaptic vesicle

A

basal, fusion

71
Q

What are some causes of aguesia or hypogeusia?

A

smoking, cystic fibrosis, bell’s palsy, oropharyngeal tumors, chemotherapy

72
Q

What is cacoguesia?

A

extremeley unpleasant taste

73
Q

What are the chemosensitive structures innervated by the trigeminal?

A

Nose, cornea, tongue, and teeth

74
Q

What is the function of the chemosensitive structures?

A

Alert to harmful stimuli and initiate their removal

75
Q

What innervates the “solitary” receptor cells that resemble taste receptors?

A

Trigeminal

76
Q

What is the general rule of three to explain sensory input to the cortex?

A
  1. Bipolar cell
  2. Sensory nucleus
  3. Thalamus
77
Q

Why do ascending projections of the cochlear nuclei pass through the superior olivary nucleus?

A

They are processed there before hitting the thalamus

78
Q

the medial superior olive processes (intra/inter)aural time differences of 10us

A

interaural

Block 4 Week 1 Dani (10 decks)

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