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Block 1 - GI > Histo 3 > Flashcards

Histo 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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2
Q

The exocrine pancreas is a ___ gland

A

Serous

*produces:
Digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase
Proenzymes such as trypsinogen

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3
Q

Secretory acini of the pancreas are composed of what type of cells?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

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4
Q

Typical characteristics of a protein secreting cell

A 
Central nucleus
Euchromatic nucleus
Basally placed RER
Apical secretory granules
Broad base, narrow apex
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5
Q

Intralobular ducts of the pancreas begin ___

A

From within the acinus

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6
Q

Interlobular ducts drain ___

A

Directly into the main pancreatic duct which drains into the hepatopancreatic ampulla of the duodenum

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7
Q

Ductal cells found within the secretory acini of intralobular ducts in the pancreas.
Shape?
Stain?

A

Centroacinar cells
Squamous
Stain lighter than pancreatic acinar cells
Continuous with intercalated duct cells

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8
Q

Intercalated duct is a short portion of intralobular ducts of the pancreas lined with ___ epithelium

A

Low simple cuboidal

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9
Q

Intercalated duct cells of the pancreas add ___ and ___ to the exocrine secretion. They drain into ___, which are lined with ___ epithelium.

A

Bicarbonate
Water

-Intralobular collecting ducts
Simple cuboidal or low simple columnar

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10
Q

True or false: there are no striated ducts in the pancreas

A

True

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11
Q

The main pancreatic duct is lined with ___ epithelium

A

Simple columnar

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12
Q

Regulation of exocrine pancreas secretion is under ___ control

A

Hormonal and neural

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13
Q

Hormones that stimulate the secretion of enzymes and proenzymes by the exocrine pancreas?
What are they secreted by?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)
Secretin
-enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum

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14
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic innervation of pancreas

A

S: blood flow
P: acinar and centroacinar cells

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15
Q

Islets of Langerhans make up ___% of the pancreas but are more numerous in the ___

A

2

Tail

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16
Q

Cell types found within Islets of Langerhans

A
  1. A cells
  2. B cells
  3. D cells
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17
Q

Secrete glucagon
20% of all islet cells
Mostly at the periphery

A

A cells or Alpha cells

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18
Q

Secrete insulin
70% of all islet cells
Mostly at the center

A

B cells or Beta cells

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19
Q

Secrete somatostatin

5% of all islet cells

A

D cells or Delta cells

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20
Q

Actions of glucagon/insulin/somatostatin?

A
  1. Glucagon ⬆️ blood glucose
  2. Insulin ⬇️ blood glucose
  3. Somatostatin inhibits release of insulin and glucagon
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21
Q

What is the largest gland in the body and also the largest internal organ?
Endocrine or exocrine?

A

Liver

Exocrine and endocrine

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22
Q

Endocrine part of the pancreas is made up of __

A

Islets of Langerhans

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23
Q

Origin of the liver

A

From an evagination of the foregut (part that becomes duodenum) so it is endodermal in origin

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24
Q

6 functions of the liver

A
  1. Bile production
  2. Synthesis of plasma proteins
  3. Lipid metabolism
  4. Glucose metabolism
  5. Storage and conversion of vitamins and iron
  6. Detox
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25
Q

Main components of bile

A

Water
Bile salts
Bilirubin
Electrolytes

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26
Q

Serves as a solute for other components of bile

A

Water

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27
Q

Acts as a detergent that emulsifies the fat in the intestine to digest and absorb it

A

Bile salts

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28
Q

End product of hemoglobin degradation (occurs in the spleen) which is broken down by the liver into glucuronide and excreted into the intestine to carry it out for disposal

A

Bilirubin

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29
Q

Establish and maintain bile as an isotonic fluid. Reabsorbed in the gut

A

Electrolytes - Na, K, Ca, etc.

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30
Q

Production of bile is an (endocrine/exocrine) function of the liver

A

Exocrine

31
Q

The liver stores glucose in the form of ___

A

Glycogen

32
Q

Vitamin roles of liver

A

A: Store, maintainence, and uptake
D: converting to circulating form (NO STORAGE)
K: transported to liver from small intestine by chylomicra, absorbed, partially used, then secreted with VLDL into blood

33
Q

Parenchyma of the liver consists of organized plates of ____. Normally ____ thick and separated by ____, these plates form ___

A

Heoatocytes
One cell
Sinusoidal capillaries
Hepatic lobules

34
Q

Stroma: Connective tissue capsule that surrounds the liver

A

Glisson’s capsule

Thicker at the hilum, where blood vessels enter and exit

35
Q

Blood supply to the liver

A
  1. Portal v. - nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood from spleen, pancreas, and alimentary canal
  2. Hepatic a. - oxygenated blood from the celiac trunk
36
Q

Outflow of blood from liver

A

Hepatic lobules – hepatic v. — IVC

37
Q

True or false: hepatic veins follow the branching patterns of the hepatic arteries

A

False

38
Q

Large, discontinuous capillaries with fenestrated endothelial cells. Separate plates of hepatocytes

A

Hepatic sinusoids

39
Q

Blood from hepatic sinusoids drains into the ___, which is located ___ and drains into ___, which then drains into ___

A

Central v.
In the center of a classical hepatic lobule.
Sublobular veins
Collecting tributaries of hepatic veins

40
Q

Central veins have ____ CT associated with its wall, sublobular veins have ___

A

Very little

More

41
Q

3 types of liver cells

A 
Hepatocytes (main type)
Kupffer cells
Ito cell (fat storing)
42
Q

Average life span of hepatocytes

A

3 months

43
Q

Hepatocytes nucleus

A

Large and spherical

  • Often binucleated, majority are tetraploid
  • euchromatic
  • one or two nucleoli
44
Q

Main types of organelles that are abundant in hepatocytes

A
  • Mitochondria
  • RER-synthesis of fibrinogen, prothrombin, blood albumins
  • SER-detox, lipid synthesis
  • peroxisomes
  • Lysosomes
45
Q

Kupffer cells are part of the ___ system, are derived from ___, and reside within the ___

A

Mononuclear phagocytic
Blood monocytes
Hepatic sinusoids

46
Q

Ito cells (fat storing cells) are found __, their main function is ___, and they are derived from ____

A

In the space of Disse
Vitamin A storage
Fibroblasts

47
Q

In pathological conditions, ___ proliferate and start synthesizing collagen, causing liver fibrosis

A

Fat-storing cells (Ito cells)

48
Q

Macro vs micronodular cirrhosis

A

Hepatitis vs. alcoholism

49
Q

Gap between hepatocytes and endothelial cells

A

Space of Disse

50
Q

Portal canals are located __

A

At the angles of the hexagonal prisms

51
Q

Classic hepatic lobule

A

Hexagonal prism with central v.

Plates of hepatocytes radiate from the center towards the periphery separated by hepatic sinusoids

52
Q

___ bring blood to the lobules of the liver and collect bile from the lobules. They contain the portal triad and loose CT. They have 3 main components;

A

Portal canals

  1. Interlobular branch of portal v.
  2. Interlobular branch of hepatic a.
  3. Interlobular bile duct
53
Q

The interlobular bile duct is lined with ____ epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal

54
Q

Blood from the ____ is conducted to the ___ through the terminal branches of the hepatic a. and the portal v.

A

Interlobular branches of the hepatic a. and the portal v.

conducted to the hepatic sinusoids

55
Q

Hepatic sinusoids are equivalent to ___ but are different how?

A

Capillaries in CT

Larger and more irregularly shaped

56
Q

The blood in the hepatic sinusoids flows from the ____ toward the ____

A

Periphery of the lobule toward the central v.

57
Q

Bile in the bile canaliculi flows from the ___ towards the ___

A

Center

Periphery

58
Q

Space of Disse is also called ___. It is the site of exchange of material between ___

A

Perisinusoidal space

Blood and liver cells

59
Q

Concepts of liver lobules

A

Classical
Portal lobule
Liver acinus

60
Q

Portal lobule concept

A

Emphasizes exocrine function and production of bile

  • centered on portal triad
  • duct is in the center
  • outer margins are imaginary lines drawn between the 3 closes central veins
61
Q

Liver acinus concept

A

Centered on terminal branches of portal v./hepatic a. and on canals of Hering

  • rhomboid shape
  • emphasizes the different oxygen and nutrient content of blood in the lobule
  • 3 zones
62
Q

Liver acinus

Zone 1

A

Closest to interlobular blood vessels that bring blood to the liver acinus

  • these cells receive oxygen first
  • last to die of circulation is impaired
  • first to regenerate
  • first to show morphological changes and cell death during bile stasis and intoxication
63
Q

Liver acinus

Zone 2

A

Middle zone

Oxygen, nutrient, and toxin levels are midway between zones 1 and 3

64
Q

Liver acinus

Zone 3

A

Die first in situations of reduced perfusion

Last to respond to toxins and bile stasis

65
Q

System of conduits of increasing diameter that bile flows through from the hepatocytes to the gall bladder

A

Biliary tree

66
Q

The smallest branch of the biliary tree, which begins from the plates of hepatocytes
Arrangement?

A

Bile canaliculus
Chicken wire
Form a loop around the 4 sides of the hepatocytes

67
Q

Bile canaliculi drain into ___, which then drain into ___ and these then drain into ___

A

Bile ductules (canals of Hering)
Interlobular bile ducts
Common hepatic duct

68
Q

Locations of bile ductules and interlobular bile ducts

A
  1. Classic lobule

2. Portal triad

69
Q

Pear shaped distensible sac attached to the visceral surface of the liver

A

Gall bladder

70
Q

The lumen of the gall bladder mucosa is lined with ___ epithelium

A

Simple columnar

71
Q

Muscularis mucosae of gall bladder

A

Not present

72
Q

Muscularis externa of gall bladder is formed by ___

A

Bundles of smooth muscle and collagen

73
Q

The part of the gall bladder projecting into the peritoneum is surrounded by ___, the rest has ___ that blends into surrounding CT

A

Serosa

Adventitia

Block 1 - GI (15 decks)

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