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Block 1 - GI > Histo 2 > Flashcards

Histo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest component of the alimentary canal?

A

Small intestine - 6 m

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2
Q

Regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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3
Q

Shortest, widest part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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4
Q

Lower 3/5 of the small intestine, goes to the cecum

A

Ileum

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5
Q

The small intestine is the principal site for ___.

What else does it do?

A

Food digestion

  • Absorb nutrients
  • Synthesize and secrete enzymes
  • Control microbial growth
  • Regulate GI function w/enteroendocrine cells
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6
Q

Plicae circularis:
What
Where

A

Permanent transverse folds of mucosa and submucosa (core) in the small intestine.
-more numerous in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum

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7
Q

A unique feature of small intestine mucosa

A

Villi (loose CT of lamina propria, submucosa does not extend into villi)

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8
Q

Gluten enteropathy is caused by ___

A

Atrophy of villi in small intestine

-results in malabsorption syndrome

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9
Q

Surface epithelium of small intestine is what type?

A 
Simple columnar
(Not different between villus and intervillous surface)
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10
Q

Cell types of small intestine

A
  1. Enterocytes/intestinal absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. M-cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
  5. Intraepithelial lymphocytes
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11
Q

Function of enterocytes

A

Absorb nutrients

Produce digestive enzymes

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12
Q

The final stages in digestion of carb and protein occur within the ____

A

Glycocalyx of intestinal absorptive cells

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13
Q

Lipids are broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids within the ___
They diffuse and are resynthesized into triglycerides in the ___, then are transported to the ___, where they do what?

A
  • Lumen of the small intestine
  • smooth ER
  • golgi apparatus
  • acquire protein coat, become chylomicra
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14
Q

Enterocytes of the small intestine are also involved in trancytosis of IgA from the ___ to the ___

A

Lamina propria to intestinal lumen

  • IgA molecules regulate microbial growth
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15
Q

Cell structure of enterocytes

A

Tall columnar cells
Microvilli brush border
Tight and anchoring junctions at apical part

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16
Q

What are goblet cells?

Where are they found?

A

Unicellular mucous glands

  • interspersed among enterocytes
  • increase in # from duodenum to terminal part of ileum
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17
Q

Cell structure of goblet cells

A 
Narrow base
Wide apex
Frothy cytoplasm
Pale color
Small, triangular, heterochromatic nucleus located at the base of the cell
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18
Q

M-cells are mostly found in what part of the digestive tract?

A

Ileum

*only found in the epithelium overlying lymphoid follicles

19
Q

Functions of M-cells

A

Antigen transport

-convey microorganisms and other macromolecules from the epithelial lumen the lymphoid follicles

20
Q

Cell structure of M-cells

A

Large, dome-shaped
Basal surface is deeply invaginated, forming a large pocket
-thin apical sheet of cytoplasm separating it from lumen
-pocket is filled by macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes
-microfolds trap molecules

21
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine are mostly found in ___

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

22
Q

What are intraepithelial lymphocytes?
Derived from?
Function?

A

Cells of the small intestine

  • type of T-cell
  • blood-derived (others are derived from progenitor cells in the crypts of lieberkühn)
  • provide mucosal immunity
23
Q

Two types of cells found in the Crypts of Lieberkühn but not in surface epithelium

A
  • Paneth cells-found at the bottom, regulate normal bacterial growth (only small, not large intestine)
  • Progenitor cells-mitotic figures on slides
24
Q

Cell structure of paneth cells

A

Numerous large refractive eosinophilic granules in apical portion

  • granules contain the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme, alpha defensins, etc.
  • basal part has well-developed RER in basal part
25
There are only two places in the GI tract with aggregated lymphoid follicles
Appendix | Lamina propria of small intestine ileum
26
Lamina propria is ____ with large numbers of ___
Loose CT | -immune cells, blood and lymphatic vessels
27
Large aggregates of lymphoid follicles in the ileum are called ___
Peyer's patches -epithelium covering Peyer's patches consists mainly of M-cells
28
One of the most common cancers of the small intestine is __
Lymphoma (aka MALToma) - arises from either B- or T-cells within lamina propria of the proximal small intestine - wall of intestine thickens and is infiltrated by lymphocytes
29
What are lacteals?
Central blind-ended lymphatic capillary found in each villus in the small intestine - drain into larger lymphatic vessels within the submucosa - transport chylomicra
30
Muscularis mucosae of small intestine is in the form of ___
Several thin sheets of smooth muscle
31
Submucosa of the small intestine is typical for the rest of the alimentary canal and consists of ___
Dense CT
32
Submucosal glands of small intestine
Duodenum has Brunner's glands - mucous producing, branched tubular glands - mostly in proximal duodenum - alkaline secretions neutralize chyme
33
Small intestine muscularis externa
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers -Auerbach's plexus between the two *typical for the rest of the alimentary canal
34
Where in the small intestine will you find serosa/adventitia?
Serosa: most of jejunum and ileum and part of the duodenum Adventitia: most of duodenum
35
Key differences in the regions of the small intestine:
Duodenum: Brunner's glands, least amount of goblet cells Jejunum: tallest villi, most prominent lacteals Ileum: Peyer's patches, most goblet cells, short villi
36
The principal functions of the large intestine are ____
1. Reabsorption of electrolytes and water | 2. Elimination of undigested food and waste
37
The mucosa of the large intestine is different from the small in that it does not have ___
Villi | Paneth cells
38
Goblet cells are (more/less) abundant in the large intestine than in the small intestine
More
39
True or false: Crypts of Lieberkühn are present in both the small and large intestine
True
40
Most common cancer of the large intestine? Where? Who? Tx?
Adenocarcinoma - typically in colon or rectum - arise in pts with adenomatous polyps or ulcerative colitis - tx=total resection
41
Differences in the submucosa from the rest of the alimentary canal
No differences
42
Teniae coli
Three, equally spaced, thickened bands in the outer longitudinal layer of the large intestine muscularis externa
43
Small fatty projections of the serosa of the large intestine
Omental appendices *only present in the colon, not appendix or rectum

Block 1 - GI (15 decks)

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