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Block 1 - GI > Histo 2 > Flashcards

Histo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the longest component of the alimentary canal?

A

Small intestine - 6 m

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2
Q

Regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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3
Q

Shortest, widest part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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4
Q

Lower 3/5 of the small intestine, goes to the cecum

A

Ileum

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5
Q

The small intestine is the principal site for ___.

What else does it do?

A

Food digestion

  • Absorb nutrients
  • Synthesize and secrete enzymes
  • Control microbial growth
  • Regulate GI function w/enteroendocrine cells
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6
Q

Plicae circularis:
What
Where

A

Permanent transverse folds of mucosa and submucosa (core) in the small intestine.
-more numerous in the distal duodenum and proximal jejunum

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7
Q

A unique feature of small intestine mucosa

A

Villi (loose CT of lamina propria, submucosa does not extend into villi)

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8
Q

Gluten enteropathy is caused by ___

A

Atrophy of villi in small intestine

-results in malabsorption syndrome

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9
Q

Surface epithelium of small intestine is what type?

A 
Simple columnar
(Not different between villus and intervillous surface)
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10
Q

Cell types of small intestine

A
  1. Enterocytes/intestinal absorptive cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. M-cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
  5. Intraepithelial lymphocytes
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11
Q

Function of enterocytes

A

Absorb nutrients

Produce digestive enzymes

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12
Q

The final stages in digestion of carb and protein occur within the ____

A

Glycocalyx of intestinal absorptive cells

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13
Q

Lipids are broken down into monoglycerides and fatty acids within the ___
They diffuse and are resynthesized into triglycerides in the ___, then are transported to the ___, where they do what?

A
  • Lumen of the small intestine
  • smooth ER
  • golgi apparatus
  • acquire protein coat, become chylomicra
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14
Q

Enterocytes of the small intestine are also involved in trancytosis of IgA from the ___ to the ___

A

Lamina propria to intestinal lumen

  • IgA molecules regulate microbial growth
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15
Q

Cell structure of enterocytes

A

Tall columnar cells
Microvilli brush border
Tight and anchoring junctions at apical part

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16
Q

What are goblet cells?

Where are they found?

A

Unicellular mucous glands

  • interspersed among enterocytes
  • increase in # from duodenum to terminal part of ileum
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17
Q

Cell structure of goblet cells

A 
Narrow base
Wide apex
Frothy cytoplasm
Pale color
Small, triangular, heterochromatic nucleus located at the base of the cell
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18
Q

M-cells are mostly found in what part of the digestive tract?

A

Ileum

*only found in the epithelium overlying lymphoid follicles

19
Q

Functions of M-cells

A

Antigen transport

-convey microorganisms and other macromolecules from the epithelial lumen the lymphoid follicles

20
Q

Cell structure of M-cells

A

Large, dome-shaped
Basal surface is deeply invaginated, forming a large pocket
-thin apical sheet of cytoplasm separating it from lumen
-pocket is filled by macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes
-microfolds trap molecules

21
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine are mostly found in ___

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

22
Q

What are intraepithelial lymphocytes?
Derived from?
Function?

A

Cells of the small intestine

  • type of T-cell
  • blood-derived (others are derived from progenitor cells in the crypts of lieberkühn)
  • provide mucosal immunity
23
Q

Two types of cells found in the Crypts of Lieberkühn but not in surface epithelium

A
  • Paneth cells-found at the bottom, regulate normal bacterial growth (only small, not large intestine)
  • Progenitor cells-mitotic figures on slides
24
Q

Cell structure of paneth cells

A

Numerous large refractive eosinophilic granules in apical portion

  • granules contain the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme, alpha defensins, etc.
  • basal part has well-developed RER in basal part
25
Q

There are only two places in the GI tract with aggregated lymphoid follicles

A

Appendix

Lamina propria of small intestine ileum

26
Q

Lamina propria is ____ with large numbers of ___

A

Loose CT

-immune cells, blood and lymphatic vessels

27
Q

Large aggregates of lymphoid follicles in the ileum are called ___

A

Peyer’s patches

-epithelium covering Peyer’s patches consists mainly of M-cells

28
Q

One of the most common cancers of the small intestine is __

A

Lymphoma (aka MALToma)

  • arises from either B- or T-cells within lamina propria of the proximal small intestine
  • wall of intestine thickens and is infiltrated by lymphocytes
29
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Central blind-ended lymphatic capillary found in each villus in the small intestine

  • drain into larger lymphatic vessels within the submucosa
  • transport chylomicra
30
Q

Muscularis mucosae of small intestine is in the form of ___

A

Several thin sheets of smooth muscle

31
Q

Submucosa of the small intestine is typical for the rest of the alimentary canal and consists of ___

A

Dense CT

32
Q

Submucosal glands of small intestine

A

Duodenum has Brunner’s glands

  • mucous producing, branched tubular glands
  • mostly in proximal duodenum
  • alkaline secretions neutralize chyme
33
Q

Small intestine muscularis externa

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
-Auerbach’s plexus between the two

*typical for the rest of the alimentary canal

34
Q

Where in the small intestine will you find serosa/adventitia?

A

Serosa: most of jejunum and ileum and part of the duodenum

Adventitia: most of duodenum

35
Q

Key differences in the regions of the small intestine:

A

Duodenum: Brunner’s glands, least amount of goblet cells

Jejunum: tallest villi, most prominent lacteals

Ileum: Peyer’s patches, most goblet cells, short villi

36
Q

The principal functions of the large intestine are ____

A
  1. Reabsorption of electrolytes and water

2. Elimination of undigested food and waste

37
Q

The mucosa of the large intestine is different from the small in that it does not have ___

A

Villi

Paneth cells

38
Q

Goblet cells are (more/less) abundant in the large intestine than in the small intestine

A

More

39
Q

True or false: Crypts of Lieberkühn are present in both the small and large intestine

A

True

40
Q

Most common cancer of the large intestine?
Where?
Who?
Tx?

A

Adenocarcinoma

  • typically in colon or rectum
  • arise in pts with adenomatous polyps or ulcerative colitis
  • tx=total resection
41
Q

Differences in the submucosa from the rest of the alimentary canal

A

No differences

42
Q

Teniae coli

A

Three, equally spaced, thickened bands in the outer longitudinal layer of the large intestine muscularis externa

43
Q

Small fatty projections of the serosa of the large intestine

A

Omental appendices

*only present in the colon, not appendix or rectum

Block 1 - GI (15 decks)

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