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MSK > Histiology > Flashcards

Histiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 principle types of muscle ?

A
  • skeletal(voluntary)
  • smooth
  • cardiac
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2
Q

What is the appearance of the basci structure of skeletal muscle ?

A
  • Striated
  • Unbranched
  • Multinucleate (forms a syncytium)
  • Nuceli are at the periphery
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3
Q

What are the bundles which muscle fibres group into called ?

A

fascicles

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4
Q

What is the connective tissue which surrounds a muscle called?

A

epimysium

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5
Q

What is the connective tissue which surrounds a single fascicle called ?

A

perimysium

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6
Q

What is the connective tissue which surrounds a single muscle fibre called ?

A

endomysium

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7
Q

what type of muscle is shown here ? and what characteristic appearance of it can you see ?

A

skeletal muscle

can see the striations on the fibres

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8
Q

What type of muscle is shown here and what characteristic appearance can you see ?

A

skeletal muscle

note the peripheral location of the nuclei

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9
Q

what are the smallest contractile elements in skeletal muscle ?

A

sarcomeres

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10
Q

Define what a motor neurone consists off ?

A

A motor unit consists of one motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates

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11
Q

The axon of the motor neurone branches as it nears its termination, what does each branch end in ?

A

Each branch ends in a special type of synapse called a neuromuscular junction.

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12
Q

What are the 3 different types of skeletal muscle fibres ?

A
  • Type I
  • Type IIA
  • Type IIB
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13
Q

Describe Type I skeletal muscle fibres

A
  • Relatively slowly contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism.
  • They have abundant mitochondria
  • Resistant to fatigue and produce relatively less force.
  • Often called ‘red’ fibres.
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14
Q

Describe type IIA skeletal muscle fibres

A
  • They are relatively fast contracting,
  • Reasonably resistant to fatigue.
  • These fibres are relatively uncommon
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15
Q

Describe type IIB skeletal muscle fibres

A
  • Fast contracting fibres that depend on anaerobic metabolism.
  • They have few mitochondria, fatigue relatively easily and produce relatively greater force.
  • Often called ‘white’ fibres.
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16
Q

Put the characteristics of either bone or cartilage below under the correct heading of bone or cartilage:

  • Semi-rigid and Deformable
  • Not Permeable
  • Rigid
  • Avascular
  • Permeable
  • Cells must be nourished by blood vessels that pervade the tissue.
  • Cells nourished by diffusion through the extracellular matrix.
A

CARTILAGE:

  • Semi-rigid and Deformable
  • Permeable
  • Avascular
  • Cells nourished by diffusion through the extracellular matrix.

BONE:

  • Rigid
  • Not Permeable
  • Cells within the bone must be nourished by blood vessels that pervade the tissue.
17
Q

What are the cells found within cartilage called and where are they specifically found within cartilage ?

A

Chondrocytes (chondroblasts when immature)

Chondrocytes live within a space in the ECM termed a lacuna.

18
Q

what is the ECM in cartilage composed off?

A
  1. 75% water
  2. 25% organic material - 60% of which is Type |I collagen, 40% proteoglycan (made up of GAGs)
19
Q

what are the 3 different types of cartilage ?

A
  1. hylaine - It is blue-white in colour and translucent - most common type of cartilage.
  2. Fibrocatilage - It has bands of densely packed type I collagen interleaved with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by small amounts of cartilagenous ECM. Grossly, fibrocartilage appears white.
  3. Elastic cartilage - it is light yellow in colour, addition of elastic fibres make it quite flexible
20
Q

Give an example of some of the sites where hyaline cartilage is found ?

A
  • Articular surfaces
  • Tracheal rings
  • Costal cartilage
  • Epiphyseal growth plates
  • Precursor in fetus to many bones
21
Q

What are the main functions of bone?(5)

A
  • Support
  • levers
  • protection
  • calcium store
  • haemopoiesis (blood cell production)
22
Q

what are the main components of bone ?

A
23
Q

In a longitudinal section through a long bone what are the two different types of bone seen ?

A
  • •An outer shell of dense cortical bone makes up the shaft (diaphysis).
  • Cancellous or trabecular bone occupies the ends of the bone (the epiphyses). It is a fine meshwork of bone which looks a bit like an aero bar.
24
Q

What are the cells which live in bone called ?

A

osteocytes

25
Q

identify the 3 key features of bone in this pic

A
  • Osteocytes in lacunae
  • Haversion canals
  • Volkmanns canals
26
Q

What are the lines shown in the pic ?

A

cement lines

27
Q

Define what are cement lines ?

A

The lines that are often visible surrounding the osteon are termed cement lines. These are only found in osteons that have formed during remodelling.

28
Q

what type of bone is shown ?

A

Trabecular bone - generally it lacks haversion canals, osteocytes survive through contact with marrow spaces

29
Q

what are osteoprogenator cells ?

A

Located on bone surfaces, for example under the periosteum, these cells serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts

30
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone. They have plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria.

31
Q

What are osteocytes ?

A

A bone cell trapped within the bone matrix.

32
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Large multinucleated cells. They are found on the surface of bone and are responsible for bone resorption.

33
Q

Describe bone remodelling in basic terms

A
  • A number of osteoclasts will congregate and begin to ‘drill’ into the bone, forming a tunnel.
  • A blood vessel will grow into the tunnel bringing with it osteoblasts which line the tunnel and begin laying down new lamellar bone.
  • This process continues until only the space of a Haversian canal remains.
34
Q

What are the collection of osteoclasts and osteoblasts which participate in bone remodelling called ?

A

The basic multicellular unit (BMU)

35
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete and what is it collectively called ?

A

They secrete collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and other organic components of the matrix which is collectively termed osteoid.

This then becomes minerlaised over time.

36
Q

What is the difference between lamellar and woven bone e.g. in a break ?

A

During development or following a break, the bone that is laid down differs from normal lamellar bone, because rather than having collagen fibres orientated all in one direction, as occurs in lamellar bone, the collagen fibres are laid down in a haphazard fasion.

This type of bone is called woven bone. Woven bone is not as strong as lamellar bone and is subsequently remodelled into lamellar bone by being broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by new osteoblasts.

MSK (22 decks)

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